Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-136, Łódź, Poland.
Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Anat Sci Int. 2021 Jun;96(3):471-477. doi: 10.1007/s12565-020-00586-4. Epub 2020 Nov 7.
The plantaris muscle is located in the posterior aspect of the superficial compartment of the lower leg, running from the lateral condyle of the femur to the calcaneal tuberosity. Classically, it is characterized by a small and fusiform muscle belly, which then changes into a long slender tendon. From the evolutionary point of view, the muscle is considered vestigial. However, it has recently been suspected of being a highly specialized sensory muscle because of its high density of muscle spindles. It has a noticeable tendency to vary in respect of both origin and insertion. Researchers have published many reports on the potential clinical significance of the muscle belly and tendon, including mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy, 'tennis leg syndrome', and popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. The right knee joint area was subjected to classical anatomical dissection, during which an atypical plantaris muscle was found and examined in detail. Accurate morphometric measurements were made. The muscle belly was assessed as bifurcated. Morphologically, superior and inferior parts were presented. There was a tendinous connection (named band A) with the iliotibial tract and an additional insertion (named band B) to the semimembranosus tendon. Both bands A and B presented very broad fan-shaped attachments. The human plantaris muscle is of considerable interest and has frequent morphological variations in its proximal part. Its specific characteristics can cause clinical problems and lead to confusion in diagnosis. More studies are needed to define its actual features and functions.
比目鱼肌位于小腿浅层后区，起自股骨外上髁，止于跟骨结节。经典的比目鱼肌呈小而梭形的肌腹，然后变为长而细的肌腱。从进化的角度来看，该肌肉被认为是退化的。然而，由于其肌梭密度较高，最近有人怀疑它是一种高度特化的感觉肌。它在起点和止点方面都有明显的变化倾向。研究人员发表了许多关于肌腹和肌腱潜在临床意义的报告，包括中段跟腱病、“网球腿综合征”和腘动脉卡压综合征。对右膝关节进行了经典的解剖学解剖，在此过程中发现并详细检查了一个非典型的比目鱼肌。进行了准确的形态测量。肌腹被评估为分叉。从形态学上看，有上部和下部。它与阔筋膜张肌有一个腱性连接（命名为 A 带），还有一个附加的止点（命名为 B 带）到半膜肌腱。A 带和 B 带都呈现出非常宽的扇形附着。人类比目鱼肌非常有趣，其近端有频繁的形态学变异。其特殊的特征可能会导致临床问题，并导致诊断混淆。需要更多的研究来确定其实际特征和功能。
