Sammarro Silva Kamila Jessie, Sabogal-Paz Lyda Patricia
Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil.
Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil.
Water Res. 2021 Feb 1;189:116590. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116590. Epub 2020 Nov 2.
Cysts and (oo)cysts are the infective forms of parasitic protozoa, as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which are widespread and associated to worldwide waterborne diseases outbreaks. These microorganisms pose a challenge to public health, as they are resistant to conventional disinfection methods, which make them important parameters when evaluating inactivation efficiency. However, when (oo)cysts are targets, it is challenging to infer inactivation efficacy, as it may require infectivity tests that are not often an option for laboratory routine analysis. In this scene, (oo)cyst viability based on induced excystation, membrane integrity and enzyme activity evaluated by dye inclusion and/or exclusion, as well as fluorescence reduction consist on microscopy-based techniques that may be options to estimate inactivation in the environmental context. This scoping review presents applications, advantages and limitations of these methodologies for viability assessment, in order to shed light on the (oo)cyst viability topic and provide insight strategies for choosing protocols in the environmental and sanitation field, in laboratory applications and novel research.
包囊和（卵）囊是寄生原生动物如贾第虫和隐孢子虫的感染形式，它们广泛存在并与全球范围内的水源性疾病暴发有关。这些微生物对公共卫生构成挑战，因为它们对传统消毒方法具有抗性，这使得它们在评估灭活效率时成为重要参数。然而，当以（卵）囊为目标时，推断灭活效果具有挑战性，因为这可能需要进行感染性测试，而这在实验室常规分析中通常不是一个可行的选择。在这种情况下，基于诱导脱囊、通过染料包入和/或排除以及荧光降低评估的膜完整性和酶活性的（卵）囊活力，是基于显微镜的技术，可能是在环境背景下估计灭活的选择。本综述介绍了这些用于活力评估的方法的应用、优点和局限性，以便阐明（卵）囊活力主题，并为在环境和卫生领域、实验室应用及新研究中选择方案提供见解策略。
