Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
Neurochem Res. 2021 Feb;46(2):141-148. doi: 10.1007/s11064-020-03162-4. Epub 2020 Nov 10.
Microglia as resident cells of the brain can regulate neural development and maintenance of neuronal networks. Any types of pathologic events or changes in brain homeostasis are involved in the activation of microglia. This activation depends on the context, type of the stressor, or pathology. Due to the release of a plethora of substances such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, microglia able to influence the pathologic outcome. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) condition, the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) result in provokes the phenotypic activation of microglia and their elaboration of pro-inflammatory molecules. New investigations reveal that cellular therapy with stem cells might have therapeutic effects in preventing the pathogenesis of AD. Although many strategies have focused on the use of stem cells to regenerate damaged neurons, new researches have demonstrated the immune-regulatory feature of stem cells which can modulate the activity state of microglia as well as mediates neuroinflammation. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the brain homeostasis by the protective features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could lead to remedial treatment for AD.
小胶质细胞作为大脑的固有细胞，可以调节神经发育和神经元网络的维持。任何类型的病理事件或脑内环境稳态的变化都涉及小胶质细胞的激活。这种激活取决于环境、应激源的类型或病理学。由于释放了大量的物质，如趋化因子、细胞因子和生长因子，小胶质细胞能够影响病理结果。在阿尔茨海默病（AD）的情况下，淀粉样蛋白-β（Aβ）的沉积导致小胶质细胞的表型激活及其促炎分子的产生。新的研究表明，干细胞的细胞疗法可能具有预防 AD 发病机制的治疗效果。尽管许多策略都集中在利用干细胞来再生受损的神经元上，但新的研究表明，干细胞具有免疫调节的特征，它可以调节小胶质细胞的活性状态，并介导神经炎症。因此，了解间充质干细胞（MSCs）的保护特性对脑内环境稳态的分子机制，可能为 AD 提供治疗方法。
