School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
Chemosphere. 2021 Jan;262:127884. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127884. Epub 2020 Aug 11.
Air pollution increases the risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and respiratory mortality across China. However, the urban-rural differences in the associations between air pollution and mortality have not been clearly identified. In this study, a distributed lag nonlinear model was used to examine whether the air pollutants-mortality associations vary between urban and rural areas. Then, we used logistic regression analyses to evaluate the air pollutants-mortality relations. Also, generalized additive models were simulated to evaluate the nonlinear curves. Our results showed that the relative risks of air pollution-related mortality were generally higher in rural areas, where PM pollution was the dominant factor (p-value < 0.05). Mortality risks for all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory will increase when average annual PM concentrations exceed approximately 38 μg/m, 41 μg/m and 41 μg/m, respectively, all of which exceed the annual Grade II standards. In urban areas, PM and NO were associated with mortality (p-value < 0.05). We proposed some area-specific strategies for controlling the NO pollution and PM pollution in urban areas and the PM pollution in rural areas to eliminate the gaps. Our findings identify that rural residents are more sensitive to air pollution than urban residents in China, and this result challenges previous assumptions about the more adverse effects of urbanization on residents' health in developing countries.
空气污染增加了全因死亡率、心血管死亡率和呼吸死亡率在中国的风险。然而，空气污染与死亡率之间的城乡差异尚未明确确定。在这项研究中，使用分布式滞后非线性模型来检验污染物与死亡率之间的关联是否在城乡之间存在差异。然后，我们使用逻辑回归分析来评估污染物与死亡率之间的关系。此外，还模拟了广义相加模型来评估非线性曲线。我们的结果表明，在农村地区，与空气污染相关的死亡率的相对风险通常更高，其中 PM 污染是主要因素（p 值<0.05）。当平均年 PM 浓度分别超过约 38μg/m、41μg/m 和 41μg/m 时，全因、心血管和呼吸死亡率的风险将增加，所有这些都超过了年度二级标准。在城市地区，PM 和 NO 与死亡率相关（p 值<0.05）。我们提出了一些针对城市地区控制 NO 污染和 PM 污染以及农村地区控制 PM 污染的特定区域策略，以消除差距。我们的研究结果表明，与城市居民相比，中国农村居民对空气污染更为敏感，这一结果挑战了关于城市化对发展中国家居民健康更不利影响的先前假设。
