Department of Pediatrics, Institute for the Study of Child Development, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, Room 1208, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2021 Dec;52(6):1164-1172. doi: 10.1007/s10578-020-01094-2. Epub 2020 Nov 13.
Self-conscious emotions, like shame and pride, are thought to have an evaluative component in which the self is posited against a set of standards, rules, and goals of society. This study compares the two methods used to examine self-conscious emotions: a self-report questionnaire, the Test of Self-Conscious Affect in Children (TOSCA-C), and a direct observation of behaviors in response to particular tasks, developed by Lewis, Alessandri and Sullivan (1992). 126 young children participated in both tasks at ages 6 and 7. For the observation data, we found that the tendency to be self-evaluative in terms of success were not related to be self-evaluative in failure, and individual consistency across age was found for self-conscious emotions but not for the primary emotions. The questionnaire data showed that children who scored high in shame also scored high in failure, and there were no consistencies across age. There were weak, inconsistent associations between shame measured by the questionnaire technique and sadness observed in the experiment.
自我意识情绪，如羞耻感和自豪感，被认为具有评价成分，其中自我被置于社会的一套标准、规则和目标之上。本研究比较了两种用于研究自我意识情绪的方法：自我报告问卷，儿童自我意识情感测验（TOSCA-C），以及由 Lewis、Alessandri 和 Sullivan（1992）开发的针对特定任务的行为直接观察。126 名幼儿分别在 6 岁和 7 岁时参加了这两项任务。对于观察数据，我们发现，在成功方面的自我评估倾向与在失败方面的自我评估倾向没有关系，而且自我意识情绪在年龄上存在个体一致性，但主要情绪则没有。问卷数据显示，在羞耻感方面得分高的儿童在失败方面也得分高，而且在年龄上没有一致性。问卷技术测量的羞耻感与实验中观察到的悲伤之间存在微弱、不一致的关联。
