Cole P M, Barrett K C, Zahn-Waxler C
National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Child Dev. 1992 Apr;63(2):314-24.
Although it has been shown that toddlers express distress when personal or physical events violate their expectations, there has been little detailed examination of their emotional reactions to such events. In this study, 45 2-year-olds were observed during 2 mishaps: a doll breaking and juice spilling. Their emotional reactions and their attempts to fix the mishap were coded. 2 components to their reactions to mishaps were found: one of tension and frustration, and another of concerned reparation. Mishaps elicited more negative emotions in toddlers than free play, and most toddlers attempted to correct the mishap. Children's styles of emotional response to mishaps may be related to maternal mental health. Symptoms of depression and anxiety in mothers were related to a suppression of tension and frustration in their offspring. Maternal acting out symptoms were not related to toddlers' reactions to mishaps. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of emotion in the formation of individual differences in sociomoral functioning and factors contributing to early differences.
尽管已有研究表明，当个人或身体事件违背幼儿的预期时，他们会表现出痛苦，但对于他们对这类事件的情绪反应，却鲜有详细的研究。在本研究中，观察了45名2岁幼儿在两次意外事件中的表现：一个玩偶摔坏和果汁洒出。对他们的情绪反应以及修复意外事件的尝试进行了编码。发现他们对意外事件的反应有两个组成部分：一个是紧张和沮丧，另一个是关切的修复。与自由玩耍相比，意外事件在幼儿中引发了更多的负面情绪，并且大多数幼儿试图纠正意外事件。儿童对意外事件的情绪反应方式可能与母亲的心理健康有关。母亲的抑郁和焦虑症状与后代紧张和沮丧情绪的抑制有关。母亲的行为症状与幼儿对意外事件的反应无关。从情绪在社会道德功能个体差异形成中的作用以及导致早期差异的因素方面对研究结果进行了讨论。
