Putative ratios of facial attractiveness in a deep neural network.

Empirical evidence has shown that there is an ideal arrangement of facial features (ideal ratios) that can optimize the attractiveness of a person's face. These putative ratios define facial attractiveness in terms of spatial relations and provide important rules for measuring the attractiveness of a face. In this paper, we show that a deep neural network (DNN) model can learn putative ratios from face images based only on categorical annotation when no annotated facial features for attractiveness are explicitly given. To this end, we conducted three experiments. In Experiment 1, we trained a DNN model to recognize the attractiveness (female/male × high/low attractiveness) of face in the images using four category-specific neurons (CSNs). In Experiment 2, face-like images were generated by reversing the DNN model (e.g., deconvolution). These images depict the intuitive attributes encoded in CSNs of the four categories of facial attractiveness and reveal certain consistencies with reported evidence on the putative ratios. In Experiment 3, simulated psychophysical experiments on face images with varying putative ratios reveal changes in the activity of the CSNs that are remarkably similar to those of human judgements reported in a previous study. These results show that the trained DNN model can learn putative ratios as key features for the representation of facial attractiveness. This finding advances our understanding of facial attractiveness via DNN-based perspective approaches.