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探索生物学:机遇与挑战。

Exploring Biology: Opportunities and Challenges.

作者信息

Harne Shrikant, Gayathri Pananghat, Béven Laure

机构信息

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India.

INRAE, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.

出版信息

Front Microbiol. 2020 Oct 21;11:589279. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.589279. eCollection 2020.

Abstract

Spiroplasmas are cell-wall-deficient helical bacteria belonging to the class . Their ability to maintain a helical shape in the absence of cell wall and their motility in the absence of external appendages have attracted attention from the scientific community for a long time. In this review we compare and contrast motility, shape determination and cytokinesis mechanisms of with those of other and cell-walled bacteria. The current models for rod-shape determination and cytokinesis in cell-walled bacteria propose a prominent role for the cell wall synthesis machinery. These models also involve the cooperation of the actin-like protein MreB and FtsZ, the bacterial homolog of tubulin. However the exact role of the cytoskeletal proteins is still under much debate. possess MreBs, exhibit a rod-shape dependent helical morphology, and divide by an FtsZ-dependent mechanism. Hence, spiroplasmas represent model organisms for deciphering the roles of MreBs and FtsZ in fundamental mechanisms of non-spherical shape determination and cytokinesis in bacteria, in the absence of a cell wall. Identification of components implicated in these processes and deciphering their functions would require genetic experiments. Challenges in genetic manipulations in spiroplasmas are a major bottleneck in understanding their biology. We discuss advancements in genome sequencing, gene editing technologies, super-resolution microscopy and electron cryomicroscopy and tomography, which can be employed for addressing long-standing questions related to biology.

摘要

螺旋体是一类细胞壁缺陷型螺旋细菌。它们在没有细胞壁的情况下保持螺旋形状的能力以及在没有外部附属物的情况下的运动能力长期以来吸引了科学界的关注。在这篇综述中,我们将螺旋体的运动、形状确定和胞质分裂机制与其他螺旋体和有细胞壁细菌的这些机制进行比较和对比。目前关于有细胞壁细菌杆状形状确定和胞质分裂的模型提出细胞壁合成机制起着重要作用。这些模型还涉及肌动蛋白样蛋白MreB和FtsZ(微管蛋白的细菌同源物)的合作。然而,细胞骨架蛋白的确切作用仍存在很多争议。螺旋体拥有MreB蛋白,呈现出依赖杆状的螺旋形态,并通过依赖FtsZ的机制进行分裂。因此,螺旋体代表了在没有细胞壁的情况下,用于解读MreB和FtsZ在细菌非球形形状确定和胞质分裂基本机制中作用的模式生物。鉴定参与这些过程的成分并解读它们的功能需要进行遗传学实验。螺旋体基因操作中的挑战是理解其生物学特性的主要瓶颈。我们讨论了基因组测序、基因编辑技术、超分辨率显微镜以及电子冷冻显微镜和断层扫描技术的进展,这些技术可用于解决与螺旋体生物学相关的长期问题。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/73fc/7609405/e91663090090/fmicb-11-589279-g001.jpg

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