Forensic Toxicology Division, Busan institute National Forensic Service, 50 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea.
Forensic Toxicology Division, Seoul institute National Forensic Service, 139 Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea.
J Anal Toxicol. 2021 Nov 9;45(9):993-1005. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa166.
This study evaluated hair samples from 28 subjects who tested positive for ketamine at Seoul Institute National Forensic Service in Korea between 2016 and 2017. Ketamine in the hair was extracted using a solution of 1% hydrochloric acid in methanol for 16 h. Extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The LC-MS-MS method was validated by determining the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, intra- and inter-accuracy, precision and matrix effect. In 59 ketamine-positive hair or hair segments from 28 ketamine abusers, the ketamine concentration was found to be in the range of 0.011-335.8 ng/mg (mean, 13.6; median, 1.8), and the norketamine concentration was found to be in the range of 0.001-35.7 ng/mg (mean, 7.5; median, 0.44). The ratio of norketamine to ketamine concentrations in hair was in the range of 0.01-1.46 (mean, 0.34; median, 0.26). The distribution of ketamine concentration in hair samples was as follows: 0.01-0.1 ng/mg in 11 samples (18.6%), 0.1-5 ng/mg in 33 samples (55.9%), 5-10 ng/mg in 4 samples (6.8%), 10-15 ng/mg in 2 samples (3.4%), 15-20 ng/mg in 4 samples (6.8%), 40-45 ng/mg in 2 samples (3.4%), 45-50 ng/mg in 1 sample (1.7%) and >100 ng/mg in only 2 samples (3.4%). In the hair of ketamine abusers, 26 of 28 subjects were detected simultaneously ketamine with other drugs, including methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; n = 9), methamphetamine (MA; n = 3), MDMA/MA (n = 3), MDMA/para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA; n = 3), MDMA/PMA/MA (n = 2), cocaine (n = 1) and other drugs (n = 5, propofol, zolpidem or benzodiazepines). Along with ketamine, other controlled drugs were detected in most of the hair samples: MDMA (60.7%), MA (28.6%), PMA (17.9%), zolpidem (17.9%) and propofol (14.3%) in the frequency of abuse. In conclusion, most of the ketamine abusers (92.9%) were polydrug abusers, who were concomitantly abusing other controlled substances.
本研究评估了 28 名在韩国首尔国立法医服务研究所 2016 年至 2017 年期间对氯胺酮检测呈阳性的受试者的头发样本。头发中的氯胺酮使用 1%盐酸甲醇溶液提取 16 小时。使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪 (GC-MS) 或液相色谱-串联质谱法 (LC-MS-MS) 分析提取物。LC-MS-MS 方法通过确定检测限 (LOD)、定量限 (LOQ)、线性、内标和间标准确度、精密度和基质效应进行了验证。在 28 名氯胺酮滥用者的 59 份阳性头发或头发段中，氯胺酮浓度范围为 0.011-335.8ng/mg（平均值为 13.6；中位数为 1.8），去甲氯胺酮浓度范围为 0.001-35.7ng/mg（平均值为 7.5；中位数为 0.44）。头发中去甲氯胺酮与氯胺酮浓度的比值在 0.01-1.46 之间（平均值为 0.34；中位数为 0.26）。头发样本中氯胺酮浓度的分布如下：0.01-0.1ng/mg 为 11 份（18.6%），0.1-5ng/mg 为 33 份（55.9%），5-10ng/mg 为 4 份（6.8%），10-15ng/mg 为 2 份（3.4%），15-20ng/mg 为 4 份（6.8%），40-45ng/mg 为 2 份（3.4%），45-50ng/mg 为 1 份（1.7%），仅 2 份（3.4%）>100ng/mg。在氯胺酮滥用者的头发中，28 名受试者中有 26 名同时检测到其他药物，包括亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺（MDMA；n=9）、甲基苯丙胺（MA；n=3）、MDMA/MA（n=3）、MDMA/对甲氧基苯丙胺（PMA；n=3）、MDMA/PMA/MA（n=2）、可卡因（n=1）和其他药物（n=5，丙泊酚、唑吡坦或苯并二氮杂卓）。除氯胺酮外，其他管制药物在大多数头发样本中均有检出：MDMA（60.7%）、MA（28.6%）、PMA（17.9%）、唑吡坦（17.9%）和丙泊酚（14.3%）。总之，大多数氯胺酮滥用者（92.9%）为多药滥用者，同时滥用其他管制物质。
