Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia.
School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.
Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26(42):5380-5392. doi: 10.2174/1381612826999201116161143.
Cell Signaling pathways form an integral part of our existence that allows the cells to comprehend a stimulus and respond back. Such reactions to external cues from the environment are required and are essential to regulate the normal functioning of our body. Abnormalities in the system arise when there are errors developed in these signals, resulting in a complication or a disease. Presently, respiratory diseases contribute to being the third leading cause of morbidity worldwide. According to the current statistics, over 339 million people are asthmatic, 65 million are suffering from COPD, 2.3 million are lung cancer patients and 10 million are tuberculosis patients. This toll of statistics with chronic respiratory diseases leaves a heavy burden on society and the nation's annual health expenditure. Hence, a better understanding of the processes governing these cellular pathways will enable us to treat and manage these deadly respiratory diseases effectively. Moreover, it is important to comprehend the synergy and interplay of the cellular signaling pathways in respiratory diseases, which will enable us to explore and develop suitable strategies for targeted drug delivery. This review, in particular, focuses on the major respiratory diseases and further provides an in-depth discussion on the various cell signaling pathways that are involved in the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases. Moreover, the review also analyses the defining concepts about advanced nano-drug delivery systems involving various nanocarriers and propose newer prospects to minimize the current challenges faced by researchers and formulation scientists.
细胞信号通路是我们存在的一个组成部分，它使细胞能够理解刺激并作出反应。这种对来自环境的外部线索的反应是必需的，对于调节我们身体的正常功能至关重要。当这些信号出现错误时，系统就会出现异常，导致并发症或疾病。目前，呼吸系统疾病是全球发病率的第三大主要原因。根据目前的统计数据，超过 3.39 亿人患有哮喘，6500 万人患有 COPD，230 万人患有肺癌，1000 万人患有结核病。这些慢性呼吸系统疾病的统计数据给社会和国家的年度卫生支出带来了沉重的负担。因此，更好地了解这些细胞通路的调控过程将使我们能够有效地治疗和管理这些致命的呼吸系统疾病。此外，了解细胞信号通路在呼吸系统疾病中的协同作用和相互作用也很重要，这将使我们能够探索和开发针对这些疾病的合适的靶向药物输送策略。这篇综述特别关注主要的呼吸系统疾病，并进一步深入讨论了涉及呼吸系统疾病病理生理学的各种细胞信号通路。此外，该综述还分析了涉及各种纳米载体的先进纳米药物输送系统的定义概念，并提出了更新的前景，以最小化研究人员和制剂科学家目前面临的挑战。
