Wiepkema P R
Dept. of Anim. Husb. Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
J Anim Sci. 1987 Nov;65(5):1220-7. doi: 10.2527/jas1987.6551220x.
Biological functions like health, reproduction or the performance of specific behavior programs change over time. Therefore, their actual significance can only be understood fully if their history or development is well known. This point is illustrated with respect to behavior patterns in farm animals. Early life or ontogenetic processes strongly determine (sub)adult behavior. Prepuce suckling performed by group-housed veal calves during the age of 2 to 8 wk depends on sucking experience of the same calves during their first week of life. Restless behavior of fattening pigs is largely determined by rearing conditions in the first weeks of life. Disturbed behaviors like stereotypies develop out of conflict behaviors (biting, escape, etc.), as is the case in tethered sows. These stereotypies appear to promote the release of endorphins. In veal calves, different stereotypies (biting or licking the crate and tongue playing) develop during different periods of time and probably are related to different sorts of conflicts experienced by the developing calf. Tongue playing shows a specific relationship with abomasal ulcers. In veal calves, individual coping differences are observed that strongly parallel those described in other vertebrates (rats, dogs, men).
诸如健康、繁殖或特定行为程序的表现等生物学功能会随时间而变化。因此，只有充分了解它们的历史或发展过程，才能全面理解其实际意义。这一点通过农场动物的行为模式得以说明。早期生活或个体发育过程在很大程度上决定了（亚）成年动物的行为。圈养的犊牛在2至8周龄时出现的包皮吸吮行为取决于同一犊牛在出生第一周的吸吮经历。育肥猪的不安行为很大程度上由其出生后第一周的饲养条件决定。像刻板行为这样的异常行为是由冲突行为（咬、逃跑等）发展而来的，拴养母猪的情况就是如此。这些刻板行为似乎会促进内啡肽的释放。在犊牛中，不同的刻板行为（咬或舔围栏以及玩舌头）在不同时期出现，可能与发育中的犊牛所经历的不同类型冲突有关。玩舌头与皱胃溃疡存在特定关系。在犊牛中，观察到个体应对差异，这些差异与其他脊椎动物（大鼠、狗、人类）中描述的差异非常相似。
