Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
Chem Phys Lipids. 2020 Nov;233:104984. doi: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104984. Epub 2020 Oct 22.
The ability of lipids to drive lateral organization is a remarkable feature of membranes and has been hypothesized to underlie the architecture of cells. Models for lipid rafts and related domains were originally based on the mammalian plasma membrane, but the nature of heterogeneity in this system is still not fully resolved. However, the concept of lipid-driven organization has been highly influential across biology, and has led to discoveries in organisms that feature a diversity of lipid chemistries and physiological needs. Here we review several emerging and instructive cases of membrane organization in non-mammalian systems. In bacteria, several types of membrane domains that act in metabolism and signaling have been elucidated. These widen our view of what constitutes a raft, but also introduce new questions about the relationship between organization and function. In yeast, observable membrane organization is found in both the plasma membrane and the vacuole. The latter serves as the best example of classic membrane phase partitioning in a living system to date, suggesting that internal organelles are important membranes to investigate across eukaryotes. Finally, we highlight plants as powerful model systems for complex membrane interactions in multicellular organisms. Plant membranes are organized by unique glycosphingolipids, supporting the importance of carbohydrate interactions in organizing lateral domains. These examples demonstrate that membrane organization is a potentially universal phenonenon in biology and argue for the continued broadening of lipid physical chemistry research into a wide range of systems.
脂质驱动的侧向组织能力是膜的一个显著特征，据推测它是细胞结构的基础。最初，脂质筏和相关结构域的模型是基于哺乳动物质膜，但该系统的异质性的本质仍未完全解决。然而，脂质驱动的组织概念在整个生物学领域具有高度影响力，并在具有多种脂质化学和生理需求的生物体中带来了新的发现。在这里，我们回顾了非哺乳动物系统中几种新兴的、有启发性的膜组织案例。在细菌中，已经阐明了几种在代谢和信号转导中起作用的膜结构域。这些拓宽了我们对什么是筏的认识，但也提出了关于组织与功能之间关系的新问题。在酵母中，在质膜和液泡中都可以观察到可观察的膜组织。后者是迄今为止活细胞中经典膜相分离的最佳范例，表明内部细胞器是研究真核生物中不同细胞器的重要膜。最后，我们强调植物作为多细胞生物中复杂膜相互作用的有力模式系统。植物膜由独特的糖脂组织，支持碳水化合物相互作用在组织侧区中的重要性。这些例子表明，膜组织是生物学中一种潜在的普遍现象，并呼吁将脂质物理化学研究继续扩展到广泛的系统中。
