Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Pediatrics, Woman, Mother and Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Lille University Jeanne de Flandre Children's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille; INFINITE-INSERM U1286, Lille, France.
Int J Epidemiol. 2021 Mar 3;50(1):12-26. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyaa182.
The vast majority of the world population declares affiliation to a religion, predominantly Christianity and Islam. Many religions have special dietary rules, which may be more or less strictly adhered to.
Religious food rules were collected from holy books and religious websites as well as their translation into dietary practices. The literature was searched for potential associations between these rules and potential nutritional consequences.
Jewish, Islamic and Indian religions support prolonged breastfeeding. Religious avoidance of alcohol is probably beneficial to health. When strictly applied, a few rules may lead to nutritional inadequacies, mainly in populations living in unfavourable socio-economic or environmental conditions. In Jewish and Muslim observants, animal slaughtering procedures may increase the risk of iron deficiency. Jews may be at risk of excess sodium intake related to home-prepared foods. A vegan diet, as observed by some believers, often by drifting from original precepts, or by some Hindus or Buddhists, may result in vitamin B12, calcium, iron, zinc, selenium and n-3 fatty acids deficiencies.
When implemented in accordance with the rules, most religious food precepts are not detrimental to health, as suggested by the fact that they have more or less been followed for millennia. Nevertheless, some practices may lead to nutritional inadequacies, such as iron, calcium, vitamin D and vitamin B12 deficiencies. Patients with low socio-economic status, children and women of childbearing age are of particular risk of such deficiencies. Being aware of them should help health professionals to take an individualized approach to decide whether to supplement or not.
世界上绝大多数人都信仰宗教，主要是基督教和伊斯兰教。许多宗教都有特殊的饮食规定，这些规定可能遵守得更严格或更宽松。
从宗教经典和宗教网站中收集宗教饮食规定，并将其转化为饮食实践。搜索这些规定与潜在营养后果之间的潜在关联。
犹太教、伊斯兰教和印度教都提倡延长母乳喂养。宗教上避免饮酒可能对健康有益。当严格遵守时，一些规定可能导致营养不足，主要发生在生活在不利的社会经济或环境条件下的人群中。在犹太教和伊斯兰教的信徒中，动物屠宰程序可能会增加缺铁的风险。犹太人可能由于家庭自制食品中摄入过多的钠而面临风险。一些信徒遵循的纯素饮食，通常是由于偏离了最初的戒律，或者一些印度教徒或佛教徒，可能导致维生素 B12、钙、铁、锌、硒和 n-3 脂肪酸缺乏。
当按照规定执行时，大多数宗教饮食戒律不会对健康造成损害，因为它们或多或少已经遵循了几千年。然而，一些做法可能导致营养不足，如缺铁、缺钙、维生素 D 和维生素 B12 缺乏。社会经济地位低的患者、儿童和育龄妇女尤其有这些营养不足的风险。了解这些情况应有助于卫生专业人员采取个体化方法决定是否补充。
