Elorinne Anna-Liisa, Alfthan Georg, Erlund Iris, Kivimäki Hanna, Paju Annukka, Salminen Irma, Turpeinen Ursula, Voutilainen Sari, Laakso Juha
School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, University of Eastern Finland, Savonlinna, Finland.
The Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
PLoS One. 2016 Feb 3;11(2):e0148235. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148235. eCollection 2016.
Vegetarian and vegan diets have become more popular among adolescents and young adults. However, few studies have investigated the nutritional status of vegans, who may be at risk of nutritional deficiencies.
To compare dietary intake and nutritional status of Finnish long-term vegans and non-vegetarians.
Dietary intake and supplement use were estimated using three-day dietary records. Nutritional status was assessed by measuring biomarkers in plasma, serum, and urine samples. Vegans' (n = 22) data was compared with those of sex- and age-matched non-vegetarians (n = 19).
All vegans adhered strictly to their diet; however, individual variability was marked in food consumption and supplementation habits. Dietary intakes of key nutrients, vitamins B12 and D, were lower (P < 0.001) in vegans than in non-vegetarians. Nutritional biomarker measurements showed lower concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), iodine and selenium (corrected for multiple comparisons, P < 0.001), Vegans showed more favorable fatty acid profiles (P < 0.001) as well as much higher concentrations of polyphenols such as genistein and daidzein (P < 0.001). Eicosapentaenoic acid proportions in vegans were higher than expected. The median concentration of iodine in urine was below the recommended levels in both groups.
Long-term consumption of a vegan diet was associated with some favorable laboratory measures but also with lowered concentrations of key nutrients compared to reference values. This study highlights the need for nutritional guidance to vegans.
素食和纯素饮食在青少年和年轻人中越来越受欢迎。然而，很少有研究调查纯素食者的营养状况，他们可能面临营养缺乏的风险。
比较芬兰长期纯素食者和非素食者的饮食摄入量和营养状况。
使用三天饮食记录估计饮食摄入量和补充剂使用情况。通过测量血浆、血清和尿液样本中的生物标志物来评估营养状况。将纯素食者（n = 22）的数据与性别和年龄匹配的非素食者（n = 19）的数据进行比较。
所有纯素食者都严格坚持他们的饮食；然而，食物消费和补充习惯存在明显的个体差异。纯素食者关键营养素、维生素B12和D的饮食摄入量低于非素食者（P < 0.001）。营养生物标志物测量显示血清25-羟基维生素D3（25(OH)D3）、碘和硒的浓度较低（经多重比较校正后，P < 0.001），纯素食者的脂肪酸谱更有利（P < 0.001），以及染料木黄酮和大豆苷元等多酚的浓度高得多（P < 0.001）。纯素食者中二十碳五烯酸的比例高于预期。两组尿液中碘的中位数浓度均低于推荐水平。
与参考值相比，长期食用纯素饮食与一些有利的实验室指标相关，但也与关键营养素浓度降低有关。本研究强调了对纯素食者进行营养指导的必要性。
