School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100083, China.
School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100083, China.
J Environ Manage. 2021 Feb 1;279:111390. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111390. Epub 2020 Nov 16.
A critical reason for China-United States trade friction is that China has a huge trade balance, especially the trade balance of goods. However, this huge trade balance is based on the results of official statistics and does not reflect the real economic benefits and environmental costs embodied in China-US trade, where both refer to trade in value-added and embodied CO emission costs, respectively. This paper calculates the trade in value-added and carbon emission transfer between China and the United States based on the World Input-Output Database. Results demonstrate that: (1) Gross trade statistics seriously overestimate China's benefits in China-US trade. The China-US trade surplus, based on gross trade statistics, is 20% higher than when based on trade in value-added accounting. (2) In China-US bilateral trade, China mainly adopts the trade model of importing intermediate products and exporting final products，whereas the United States mainly adopts the trade model of importing final products and exporting intermediate products. China's exports to the United States contain many of value-added in Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. (3) From 2000 through 2014, China maintained a large surplus of CO emissions exports to the United States, and China paid a huge environmental cost in its trade with the United States. (4) In China-US trade, China's environmental costs per unit value-added is 3.02 times that of the United States.
中美贸易摩擦的一个关键原因是中国贸易顺差巨大，尤其是货物贸易顺差。然而，这一巨额贸易顺差是基于官方统计数据得出的，并未反映出中美贸易中蕴含的真实经济利益和环境成本，其中分别指代贸易增加值和隐含碳排放成本。本文基于全球投入产出数据库（World Input-Output Database），计算了中国和美国之间的贸易增加值和碳排放转移。结果表明：（1）总贸易统计数据严重高估了中国在中美贸易中的收益。基于总贸易统计数据的中美贸易顺差比基于贸易增加值核算的结果高出 20%。（2）在中美双边贸易中，中国主要采用进口中间产品、出口最终产品的贸易模式，而美国主要采用进口最终产品、出口中间产品的贸易模式。中国对美出口中包含了来自韩国、中国台湾地区和日本的大量增加值。（3）2000 年至 2014 年，中国对美出口的二氧化碳排放量保持着较大顺差，中国在与美国的贸易中付出了巨大的环境代价。（4）在中美贸易中，中国每单位增加值的环境成本是美国的 3.02 倍。
