School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
Health Educ Res. 2020 Dec 23;35(6):618-626. doi: 10.1093/her/cyaa040.
The current study examined the efficacy of health warnings on caffeinated energy drinks (CEDs). Participants aged 12-24 years (n = 2040) completed an online survey where they were asked to recall any existing warning statements on CED products and were randomized to one of 29 experimental warning conditions. Regression models were fitted to examine differences between conditions in product appeal, perceived safety and message recall. Overall, fewer than 30% of participants were able to accurately describe an existing CED product warning. Experimental findings indicated that exposure to CEDs with warning labels resulted in greater recall. Warnings on the back of CED cans featuring large font, a border, and a 'caution' heading resulted in significantly greater recall (P < 0.05 for all). Front-of-package 'High source of caffeine' labels resulted in greater recall than a quantitative description (P < 0.001); caffeine labels generally elicited lower product appeal (P < 0.001) and perceived safety (P = 0.002) ratings vs. no caffeine labels, and the qualitative caffeine statement elicited lower perceived safety ratings than the quantitative statement (P = 0.02). Existing warning statements in Canada have low levels of awareness. Warnings on CEDs could be enhanced to increase the salience of messages, with greater impact from clear, descriptive, front-of-package 'High source of caffeine' labels.
本研究考察了健康警告对含咖啡因能量饮料（CEDs）的效果。参与者年龄在 12-24 岁之间（n=2040），他们完成了一项在线调查，被要求回忆 CED 产品上的任何现有警告声明，并被随机分配到 29 种实验警告条件之一。回归模型被用来检验条件之间在产品吸引力、感知安全性和信息回忆方面的差异。总体而言，不到 30%的参与者能够准确描述现有的 CED 产品警告。实验结果表明，接触带有警告标签的 CED 饮料会导致更高的回忆率。在 CED 罐的背面使用大字体、边框和“警告”标题的警告标签会导致明显更高的回忆率（所有 P<0.05）。包装正面的“高咖啡因来源”标签比定量描述产生更高的回忆率（P<0.001）；咖啡因标签通常会降低产品吸引力（P<0.001）和感知安全性（P=0.002）评分，而不是没有咖啡因标签，并且定性的咖啡因声明比定量的咖啡因声明产生更低的感知安全性评分（P=0.02）。加拿大现有的警告声明认知度较低。CEDs 的警告可以通过增加清晰、描述性、包装正面的“高咖啡因来源”标签来提高信息的显著性，从而产生更大的影响。
