Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, South Africa MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, ICH Building, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, South Africa MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, ICH Building, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.
Pediatr Clin North Am. 2021 Feb;68(1):131-145. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2020.09.016.
Respiratory complications comprise a large proportion of the burden of mortality and morbidity in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV-associated lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) has declined in incidence with early diagnosis and use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) but is widespread in areas with limited access to ART. HIV-exposed uninfected infants have a higher risk of LRTI early in life than unexposed infants. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) presenting as acute or chronic disease is common in highly TB endemic areas. Chronic lung disease is common; preceding LRTI, PTB or late initiation of ART are risk factors.
呼吸道并发症在感染人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）的儿童的死亡和发病负担中占很大比例。随着早期诊断和抗逆转录病毒治疗（ART）的应用，HIV 相关下呼吸道感染（LRTI）的发病率有所下降，但在 ART 获得途径有限的地区仍很普遍。与未暴露于 HIV 的婴儿相比，HIV 暴露但未感染的婴儿在生命早期患 LRTI 的风险更高。在结核病高度流行地区，肺结核（PTB）表现为急性或慢性疾病较为常见。慢性肺病很常见；LRTI、PTB 或 ART 延迟启动是其危险因素。
