Ohbuchi K
Department of Psychology, Osaka University of Education.
Shinrigaku Kenkyu. 1987 Jun;58(2):113-24. doi: 10.4992/jjpsy.58.113.
In this review, the author theoretically and empirically examined motives and interpersonal functions of aggression. A factor-analysis of Averill's questionnaire items on anger revealed that motives involved in aggressive responses were clustered into two groups: the hostile and the instrumental. It was also clarified that an individual is likely to engage in aggression particularly when some hostile motives are evoked. Concerning the interpersonal functions, the author proposed that aggression might serve four principal goals. (1) Aggression can be generated as an avoidance response to an aversive stimulus, such as frustration, annoyance, or pain, and so on. It depends on the severity of the stimulus. It was however emphasized that aggression is also mediated by social cognition, such as an attribution of intent to a harm-doer. (2) Aggression can be used as a means of coercing the other person into doing something. An individual is likely to use such a power strategy if he/she is lacking in self-confidence or a perspective for influencing the target person by more peaceful strategies. (3) Aggression can be interpreted as a punishment when it is directed toward a transgressor. In this case, aggression is motivated by restoration of a social justice, and thus its intensity is determined by the perceived moral responsibility of the transgressor. Further, it was indicated that aggression is intensified if it is justified as a sanctional conduct against the immoral. (4) Aggression can be also evoked when an individual's social identity is threatened. It was suggested that impression management motives are involved in aggression by an unexpected finding that the presence of audience or the identifiability rather facilitated retaliative aggression. The aggression-inhibition effect of apology was also explained in terms of impression management. In conclusion, it was presented that aggression is a behavioral strategy as an attempt to resolve interpersonal conflicts including physical or psychological annoyance, the other person's disobedience, perceived injustice, and a threat to one's social identity. Whether one's aggression is performed or not depends on a number of intra- and inter-personal determinants, particularly on social cognitive processes such as attribution, inference, prediction and other judgements.
在这篇综述中，作者从理论和实证两方面考察了攻击行为的动机和人际功能。对埃弗里尔关于愤怒的问卷项目进行的因素分析表明，攻击反应所涉及的动机可分为两类：敌意性动机和工具性动机。研究还表明，当某些敌意性动机被激发时，个体更有可能实施攻击行为。关于人际功能，作者提出攻击行为可能服务于四个主要目标。（1）攻击行为可能作为对厌恶刺激（如挫折、烦恼或疼痛等）的回避反应而产生。这取决于刺激的严重程度。然而，需要强调的是，攻击行为也受到社会认知的调节，例如对加害者意图的归因。（2）攻击行为可以被用作迫使他人做某事的手段。如果一个人缺乏自信，或者缺乏通过更和平的策略影响目标人物的视角，他/她可能会使用这种权力策略。（3）当攻击行为指向违法者时，可以被解释为一种惩罚。在这种情况下，攻击行为的动机是恢复社会正义，因此其强度取决于对违法者道德责任的认知。此外，研究表明，如果攻击行为被证明是针对不道德行为的制裁行为，那么攻击行为会加剧。（4）当个体的社会身份受到威胁时，也可能引发攻击行为。一项意外发现表明，观众的在场或可识别性反而促进了报复性攻击行为，这表明印象管理动机与攻击行为有关。道歉对攻击行为的抑制作用也从印象管理的角度进行了解释。总之，研究表明攻击行为是一种行为策略，旨在解决人际冲突，包括身体或心理上的烦恼、他人的不顺从、感知到的不公正以及对个人社会身份的威胁。一个人是否实施攻击行为取决于许多个人内部和人际间的决定因素，特别是社会认知过程，如归因、推理、预测和其他判断。
