咖啡消费数据的错误分类与标准化咖啡单位度量的制定。
Misclassification of coffee consumption data and the development of a standardised coffee unit measure.
作者信息
Poole Robin, Ewings Sean, Parkes Julie, Fallowfield Jonathan A, Roderick Paul
机构信息
Primary Care and Population Sciences Academic Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
出版信息
BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2019 May 2;2(1):11-19. doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2018-000013. eCollection 2019.
BACKGROUND
Associations of coffee consumption with multiple health outcomes have been researched extensively. Coffee consumption, usually reported in cups a day, is a heterogeneous measure due to numerous preparation methods and cup sizes, leading to misclassification. This paper develops a new 'unit' measure of coffee and uses coffee consumption data from a representative sample of the UK population to assess misclassification when cup volume and preparation type are not taken into account.
METHODS
A coffee unit measure was created using published estimates of caffeine and chlorogenic acid concentrations, and applied across volumes and preparation types. Four-day food diary data in adults from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS; 2012-2016) were used to quantify coffee intake. Participant self-reported cups a day were compared with cups a day standardised by (a) 227 mL volume and (b) 227 mL instant coffee equivalents (unit measure), and the degree of misclassification was derived. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to model coffee drinking preferences of different populations and caffeine:chlorogenic acid weighting assumptions of the unit measure.
RESULTS
The NDNS sample consisted of 2832 adult participants. Coffee was consumed by 62% of participants. Types varied, with 75% of caffeinated coffee cups being instant, 17% filter, 3% latte, 2% cappuccino, 2% espresso and <1% other types. Comparing reported cups to volume-standardised cups, 84% of participants had correct classification, and 73% when using the coffee unit measure, 22% underestimated and 5% overestimated, largely by one cup. Misclassification varied by gender, age and income. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the benefits of using the unit measure over volume alone to cater for different populations, and stability of the unit composition assumption.
CONCLUSION
Cup volume and preparation type should be taken into account, through the application of a standardised coffee unit measure, when coffee consumption is classified in future research studies.
背景
咖啡消费与多种健康结果之间的关联已得到广泛研究。咖啡消费量通常以每天杯数来报告，由于制备方法和杯子尺寸众多，这是一种异质性的衡量方式，会导致分类错误。本文开发了一种新的咖啡“单位”衡量方法，并使用来自英国人群代表性样本的咖啡消费数据，来评估在未考虑杯子容量和制备类型时的分类错误情况。
方法
利用已发表的咖啡因和绿原酸浓度估计值创建了一个咖啡单位衡量方法，并应用于不同容量和制备类型。使用来自英国国家饮食与营养调查（NDNS；2012 - 2016年）的成年人四天食物日记数据来量化咖啡摄入量。将参与者自我报告的每日杯数与通过以下方式标准化的每日杯数进行比较：（a）227毫升容量，以及（b）227毫升速溶咖啡当量（单位衡量方法），并得出分类错误的程度。进行了敏感性分析，以模拟不同人群的咖啡饮用偏好以及单位衡量方法中咖啡因：绿原酸的加权假设。
结果
NDNS样本包括2832名成年参与者。62%的参与者饮用咖啡。类型各异，含咖啡因的咖啡杯中有75%是速溶咖啡，17%是滤煮咖啡，3%是拿铁，2%是卡布奇诺，2%是意式浓缩咖啡，不到1%是其他类型。将报告的杯数与按容量标准化的杯数进行比较时，84%的参与者分类正确，使用咖啡单位衡量方法时为73%，22%被低估，5%被高估，大多相差一杯。分类错误因性别、年龄和收入而异。敏感性分析突出了使用单位衡量方法而非仅按容量来适应不同人群的益处，以及单位组成假设的稳定性。
结论
在未来的研究中对咖啡消费进行分类时，应通过应用标准化的咖啡单位衡量方法来考虑杯子容量和制备类型。
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