Burman Jeremy Trevelyan
University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Hist Human Sci. 2020 Oct;33(3-4):129-159. doi: 10.1177/0952695120911576. Epub 2020 Jul 2.
Picking up on John Forrester's (1949-2015) disclosure that he felt 'haunted' by the suspicion that Thomas Kuhn's (1922-96) interests had become his own, this essay complexifies our understanding of both of their legacies by presenting two sites for that haunting. The first is located by engaging Forrester's argument that the connection between Kuhn and psychoanalysis was direct. (This was the supposed source of his historiographical method: 'climbing into other people's heads'.) However, recent archival discoveries suggest that that is incorrect. Instead, Kuhn's influence in this regard was Jean Piaget (1896-1980). And it is Piaget's thinking that was influenced directly by psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis then haunts Kuhn's thinking through Piaget, and thus Piaget haunts Forrester through Kuhn. To better understand this second site of the haunting-which is ultimately the more important one, given the intent of this special issue-Piaget's early psychoanalytic ideas are uncovered through their interaction with his early biology and subsequent turn to philosophy. But several layers of conflicting contemporary misunderstandings are first excavated. The method of hauntology is also developed, taking advantage of its origins as a critical response to the psychoanalytic discourse. As a result of adopting this approach, a larger than usual number of primary sources have been unearthed and presented as evidence (including new translations from French originals). Where those influences have continued to have an impact, but their sources forgotten, they have thus been returned. They can then all be considered together in deriving new perspectives of Forrester's cases/Kuhn's exemplars/Piaget's stages.
约翰·福里斯特（1949 - 2015）曾透露，他怀疑托马斯·库恩（1922 - 1996）的兴趣已变成了他自己的兴趣，这种怀疑让他“备受困扰”。基于此，本文通过呈现两个“困扰”的场所，使我们对他们两人的学术遗产有了更复杂的理解。第一个场所是通过探讨福里斯特的观点来定位的，他认为库恩与精神分析之间存在直接联系。（这被认为是他史学方法的来源：“钻进别人的脑袋里”。）然而，最近的档案发现表明这是不正确的。相反，库恩在这方面的影响来自让·皮亚杰（1896 - 1980）。而且正是皮亚杰的思想直接受到了精神分析的影响。精神分析随后通过皮亚杰萦绕在库恩的思想中，进而皮亚杰通过库恩萦绕在福里斯特的思想中。为了更好地理解这个“困扰”的第二个场所——鉴于本期特刊的意图，这最终是更重要的一个场所——通过皮亚杰早期精神分析思想与他早期生物学的相互作用以及随后向哲学的转向来揭示这些思想。但首先要挖掘出几层相互冲突的当代误解。同时还发展了“幽灵学”方法，利用其作为对精神分析话语的批判性回应的起源。采用这种方法的结果是，挖掘出并呈现了比平常更多的原始资料作为证据（包括从法语原文新翻译过来的资料）。在那些影响持续存在但来源被遗忘的地方，它们因此得以回归。然后，在推导福里斯特的案例/库恩的范例/皮亚杰的阶段的新视角时，可以将它们全部综合起来考虑。
