Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetics, Warszawa, Poland.
Acta Biochim Pol. 2020 Nov 27;67(4):465-473. doi: 10.18388/abp.2020_5384.
Maintenance of the cellular homeostasis is firmly linked with protein synthesis. Therefore, it is tightly controlled at multiple levels. An advancement in quantitative techniques, mainly over the last decade, shed new light on the regulation of protein production, which pointed the ribosome as a new player. Ribosomes are macromolecular machines that synthesize polypeptide chains using mRNA as a template. The enormous complexity of ribosomes provides many possibilities of changes in their composition and consecutively in their target specificity. However, it is not clear how this specialization is enforced by the cell and which stimuli provoke that diversity. This review presents an overview of currently available knowledge about ribosome heterogeneity, focusing on changes in protein composition, and their role in the control of translation specificity. Importantly, besides the potential advantage of ribosome-mediated regulation of protein synthesis, its failure can play a crucial role in disease development.
细胞内环境的维持与蛋白质的合成密切相关。因此，蛋白质的合成受到多层次的严格调控。过去十年中，定量技术的进步使我们对蛋白质合成的调控有了新的认识，核糖体成为了一个新的调控靶点。核糖体是一种大分子机器，它利用 mRNA 作为模板合成多肽链。核糖体的巨大复杂性为其组成和功能的特异性提供了许多改变的可能性。然而，目前尚不清楚细胞是如何加强这种特异性的，以及哪些刺激因素会引起这种多样性。本文综述了目前关于核糖体异质性的研究进展，重点介绍了蛋白质组成的变化及其在翻译特异性调控中的作用。重要的是，除了核糖体介导的蛋白质合成调控的潜在优势外，其功能障碍在疾病的发展中也起着至关重要的作用。
