Tsiambas Evangelos, Chrysovergis Aristeidis, Papanikolaou Vasileios, Mastronikolis Nicholas, Ragos Vasileios, Batistatou Anna, Peschos Dimitrios, Kavantzas Nikolaos, Lazaris Andreas C, Kyrodimos Efthimios
Department of Cytology, Molecular Unit, 417 Veterans Army Hospital (NIMTS), Athens, Greece.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
Front Mol Biosci. 2021 Apr 20;8:654866. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.654866. eCollection 2021.
Coronavirus-related Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) initially was detected in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Since early 2021, World Health Organization (WHO) has declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic due to rapidly transformed to a globally massive catastrophic viral infection. In order to confront this emergency situation, many pharmaceutical companies focused on the design and development of efficient vaccines that are considered necessary for providing a level of normalization in totally affected human social-economical activity worldwide. A variety of vaccine types are under development, validation or even some of them have already completed these stages, initially approved as conditional marketing authorisation by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and other national health authorities for commercial purposes ( use in general population), accelerating their production and distribution process. Innovative nucleoside-modified viral messenger RNA (v-mRNA)-based vaccines encapsulated within nanoparticles-specifically lipid ones (LNPs)-are now well recognized. Although this is a promising genetic engineering topic in the field of nanopharmacogenomics or targeted nucleic vaccines, there are limited but continuously enriched data in depth of time regarding their safety, efficacy, and immune response. In the current paper we expand the limited published data in the field of ribosome machinery and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA fragment vaccines interaction by describing their functional specialization and modifications. Additionally, alterations in post-transcriptional/translational molecules and mechanisms that could potentially affect the interaction between target cells and vaccines are also presented. Understanding these mechanisms is a crucial step for the next generation v-mRNA vaccines development.
新型冠状病毒相关的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）最初在中国湖北省武汉市被发现。自2021年初以来，世界卫生组织（WHO）宣布2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）为大流行病，因为它迅速演变成一场全球大规模的灾难性病毒感染。为了应对这一紧急情况，许多制药公司专注于高效疫苗的设计和开发，这些疫苗被认为是使全球受影响的人类社会经济活动恢复正常水平所必需的。多种疫苗类型正在研发、验证中，甚至有些已经完成了这些阶段，最初已获得美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）、欧洲药品管理局（EMA）和其他国家卫生当局的有条件上市许可，用于商业目的（在普通人群中使用），加速了它们的生产和分发过程。基于创新的核苷修饰病毒信使核糖核酸（v-mRNA）并包裹在纳米颗粒（特别是脂质纳米颗粒，LNPs）中的疫苗现在已得到广泛认可。尽管这在纳米药物基因组学或靶向核酸疫苗领域是一个很有前景的基因工程课题，但关于它们的安全性、有效性和免疫反应，随着时间推移，深入的数据有限但在不断丰富。在本文中，我们通过描述核糖体机制和SARS-CoV-2 mRNA片段疫苗相互作用的功能特化和修饰，扩展了该领域有限的已发表数据。此外，还介绍了可能影响靶细胞与疫苗相互作用的转录后/翻译分子及机制的变化。了解这些机制是下一代v-mRNA疫苗开发的关键一步。
