Granger Claire L, Embleton Nicholas D, Palmer Jeremy M, Lamb Christopher A, Berrington Janet E, Stewart Christopher J
Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Department of Neonatal Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Acta Paediatr. 2021 Feb;110(2):450-457. doi: 10.1111/apa.15534. Epub 2020 Sep 16.
This narrative review summarises the benefits of maternal breastmilk to both the infant and the mother, specifically the benefits that relate to modification of the infant microbiome, and how this might vary in the preterm infant.
We used PubMed to primarily identify papers, reviews, case series and editorials published in English until May 2020. Based on this, we report on the components of breastmilk, their associated hypothesised benefits and the implications for clinical practice.
Breastmilk is recommended as the exclusive diet for newborn infants because it has numerous nutritional and immunological benefits. Additionally, exposure to the maternal breastmilk microbiome may confer a lasting effect on gut health. In the preterm infant, breastmilk is associated with a significant reduction in necrotising enterocolitis, an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease and reduction in other key morbidities, together with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes.
These impacts have long-term benefits for the child (and the mother) even after weaning. This benefit is likely due, in part, to modification of the infant gut microbiome by breastmilk microbes and bioactive components, and provide potential areas for research and novel therapies in preterm and other high-risk infants.
本叙述性综述总结了母乳对婴儿和母亲的益处，特别是与婴儿微生物群改变相关的益处，以及这在早产儿中可能存在的差异。
我们主要利用PubMed检索截至2020年5月以英文发表的论文、综述、病例系列和社论。基于此，我们报告了母乳的成分、其相关的假定益处以及对临床实践的影响。
母乳被推荐作为新生儿的唯一饮食，因为它具有众多营养和免疫益处。此外，接触母乳微生物群可能对肠道健康产生持久影响。在早产儿中，母乳与坏死性小肠结肠炎（一种炎症性胃肠道疾病）的显著减少以及其他关键发病率的降低相关，同时还能改善神经发育结局。
即使在断奶后，这些影响对儿童（和母亲）也有长期益处。这种益处可能部分归因于母乳中的微生物和生物活性成分对婴儿肠道微生物群的改变，并为早产儿和其他高危婴儿的研究及新疗法提供了潜在领域。
