比较纳入金属、PPCPs 和 EDCs 直接排放的城市污水处理生命周期毒性评估方法。
Comparison of life cycle toxicity assessment methods for municipal wastewater treatment with the inclusion of direct emissions of metals, PPCPs and EDCs.
机构信息
Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
出版信息
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Feb 20;756:143849. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143849. Epub 2020 Nov 20.
The occurrence of various micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals personal care products, endocrine disrupting chemicals (PPCPs/EDCs) and metals in municipal wastewater, and their poor removal efficiencies can lead to toxicity impact on humans, and freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Life cycle assessment is an efficient and effective tool to evaluate the environmental impact of wastewater treatment plants, but guidelines for toxicity assessment are lacking due to the complexity. This study aims to evaluate both life cycle inventory by including metals and PEC, and life cycle toxicity assessment (LCIA) methods namely CML-IA, Recipe, USEtox, EDIP 2003 and IMPACT 2002+ in midpoint category with a large centralised wastewater treatment plant in Malaysia as a case study. The removal efficiencies of metals and PPCPs/EDCs in the wastewater ranged from 9% to 99% and no clear patterns were found about occurrence and removal efficiencies of metals and PPCPs/EDCs in developing and developed countries. The inclusion of metals and PPCPs/EDCs in effluent resulted in 76% increase in freshwater ecotoxicity potential (FEP) and 88% increase in terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (TEP) while only 4% increase in human toxicity potential (HTP). The results indicate the importance of including direct emissions such as metals and PPCPs/EDCs even in low-strength municipal wastewater for environmental toxicity assessment. The comparison of five LCIA methods suggests that HTP assessment is more challenging due to inconsistency between five LCIA methods while CML-IA, Recipe, and IMPACT 2002+ achieved consistent human toxicity and ecotoxicity assessment results in the WWTP. The results highlight the importance of sampling and inclusion of metals and PPCPs/EDCs data especially prioritised micropollutants for life cycle toxicity assessment and recommends LCIA methods for ecotoxicity assessment of WWTPs in the current scientific development situation on toxicity studies, which can provide guidance to researchers for life cycle toxicity assessment of wastewater treatment.
各种微污染物如药品、个人护理产品、内分泌干扰化学物质（PPCPs/EDCs）和金属在城市废水中的出现，以及它们去除效率低，可能对人类、淡水和陆地生态系统造成毒性影响。生命周期评估是评估废水处理厂环境影响的有效工具，但由于其复杂性，缺乏毒性评估指南。本研究旨在评估包括金属和 PEC 的生命周期清单，以及生命周期毒性评估（LCIA）方法，即 CML-IA、Recipe、USEtox、EDIP 2003 和 IMPACT 2002+，以马来西亚的一个大型集中式污水处理厂为案例研究。废水中金属和 PPCPs/EDCs 的去除效率范围为 9%至 99%，没有发现发展中国家和发达国家金属和 PPCPs/EDCs 的出现和去除效率有明显的规律。将金属和 PPCPs/EDCs 纳入污水中，导致淡水生态毒性潜力（FEP）增加 76%，陆地生态毒性潜力（TEP）增加 88%，而人类毒性潜力（HTP）仅增加 4%。结果表明，即使在低强度的城市废水中，包括金属和 PPCPs/EDCs 等直接排放物对于环境毒性评估也很重要。五种 LCIA 方法的比较表明，由于五种 LCIA 方法之间的不一致性，HTP 评估更具挑战性，而 CML-IA、Recipe 和 IMPACT 2002+ 在 WWTP 中实现了一致的人类毒性和生态毒性评估结果。结果强调了采样和纳入金属和 PPCPs/EDCs 数据的重要性，特别是优先考虑的微污染物，用于生命周期毒性评估，并建议在当前毒性研究的科学发展情况下，为 WWTP 的 LCIA 方法提供生态毒性评估，这可以为研究人员提供废水处理的生命周期毒性评估的指导。
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