Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Calle Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Carabobo, Av. Salvador Allende, Campus Bárbula, Carabobo State, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Calle Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 31;609:429-445. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.148. Epub 2017 Jul 26.
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are being increasingly included in Life Cycle Assessment studies (LCAs) since they have brought into evidence both human and ecological adverse effects due to their presence in different environmental compartments, wastewater facilities and industry. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to estimate the characterization factors (CFs) of 27 PPCPs widely used worldwide in order to incorporate their values into Life Cycle Impact Assessment studies (LCIA) or to generate a toxicity impact score ranking. Physicochemical properties, degradation rates, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicity and human health effects were collected from experimental data, recognized databases or estimated using EPI Suite™ and the USEtox™ software, and were subsequently used for estimating CFs. In addition, a Spanish toxicity impact score ranking was carried out for 49 PPCPs using the 27 newly calculated CFs, and 22 CFs already available in the literature, besides the data related to the occurrence of PPCPs in the environment in Spain. It has been highlighted that emissions into the continental freshwater compartment showed the highest CFs values for human effects (ranging from 10 to 10Cases·kg), followed by emissions into the air (10 to 10Cases·kg), soil (10 to 10Cases·kg) and seawater (10 to 10Cases·kg). CFs regarding the affectation of freshwater aquatic environments were the highest of those proceeding from emissions into continental freshwater (between 1 to 10PAF·m·day·kg) due to the direct contact between the source of emission and the compartment affected, followed by soil (among 10 to 10PAF·m·day·kg), and air (among 10 to 10PAF·m·day·kg) while the lowest were the CFs of continental seawater (among 10 to 10PAF·m·day·kg). Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicological CFs are much higher than human toxicity CFs, demonstrating that the ecological impact of PPCPs in aquatic environments must be a matter of urgent attention. According to the Spanish toxicity impact score calculated, the PPCPs with the highest impact are hormones, antidepressants, fragrances, antibiotics, angiotensin receptor blockers and blood lipid regulators, which have already been found in other kinds of score rankings. These results, which were not available until now, will be useful in order to perform better LCIA studies, incorporating the micro-pollutants whose CFs have been estimated, or in order to carry out single hazard/risk environmental impact assessments.
药品和个人护理产品（PPCPs）越来越多地被纳入生命周期评估研究（LCAs）中，因为它们在不同的环境隔室、废水处理设施和工业中存在，从而带来了人类和生态的不良影响。因此，本研究的主要目标是估算 27 种在全球范围内广泛使用的 PPCPs 的特征化因子（CFs），以便将它们的值纳入生命周期影响评估研究（LCIA）或生成毒性影响得分排名。物理化学性质、降解率、生物累积性、生态毒性和人类健康影响从实验数据、公认的数据库或使用 EPI Suite™和 USEtox™软件进行估算中收集，并随后用于估算 CFs。此外，使用 27 种新计算的 CFs 和文献中已有的 22 种 CFs，以及与西班牙环境中 PPCPs 存在相关的数据，对 49 种 PPCPs 进行了西班牙毒性影响得分排名。突出显示的是，人类影响的大陆淡水环境排放的 CFs 值最高（范围为 10 到 10 案例·kg），其次是空气排放（10 到 10 案例·kg）、土壤（10 到 10 案例·kg）和海水（10 到 10 案例·kg）。由于排放源与受影响的隔室直接接触，因此来自大陆淡水排放的影响淡水水生环境的 CFs 最高（在 1 到 10PAF·m·day·kg 之间），其次是土壤（在 10 到 10PAF·m·day·kg 之间），以及空气（在 10 到 10PAF·m·day·kg 之间），而大陆海水的 CFs 最低（在 10 到 10PAF·m·day·kg 之间）。淡水水生生态毒性 CFs 远高于人类毒性 CFs，表明 PPCPs 在水生环境中的生态影响必须引起紧急关注。根据计算出的西班牙毒性影响得分，影响最大的 PPCPs 是激素、抗抑郁药、香水、抗生素、血管紧张素受体阻滞剂和血脂调节剂，这些物质已经在其他类型的得分排名中发现。这些结果以前不可用，将有助于进行更好的 LCIA 研究，纳入估算出的 CFs 的微量污染物，或进行单一危害/风险环境影响评估。
