Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, President University, Cikarang, Indonesia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Feb;30(8):21512-21532. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-23567-8. Epub 2022 Oct 22.
This study provides the first set of quantitative data on the occurrence and fate of a wide range of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in Indonesia's largest wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The WWTP employs waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) as the secondary treatment before discharging the effluent to the Citarum River. Fourteen out of twenty-two monitored CECs were detected in the wastewater influent, and seven were present in the effluent, with a total concentration of 29.8 ± 0.4 µg/L and 0.5 ± 0.0 µg/L, respectively. The occurrence of the CECs in this study was found to be well correlated with their possible use and known detection in surface waters in Indonesia. Caffeine (CAF) at 12.2 ± 0.1 µg/L, acetaminophen (ACT) at 9.1 ± 0.1 µg/L, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) at 5.0 ± 0.1 µg/L, ibuprofen (IBU) at 2.3 ± 0.0 µg/L, and triclosan (TCS) at 470 ± 64 ng/L were discovered as the five most prevalent CECs, followed by bisphenol A (BPA), trimethoprim (TMP), Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), sulfamethazine (SMZ), carbamazepine (CBZ), fluoxetine (FLX), benzotriazole (BTA), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and metformin (METF). Biodegradable CECs (SMX, SMZ, ACT, IBU, TCS, BPA, CAF, DEET, and TMP) were efficiently removed (83-100%) by the WSP. In contrast, recalcitrant CECs achieved poor removal efficiencies (e.g., FLX at 24%), and for others, treatment processes even resulted in elevated concentrations in the effluent (CBZ by 85%, TCEP by 149%, and BTA by 92%). The CECs' influent concentrations were determined to pose a moderate aquatic cumulative risk, while no such risk was associated with their effluent concentrations. The study demonstrates the importance of conventional WWTPs in reducing the concentrations of CECs to minimize their aquatic contamination risk. The findings are relevant for countries, such as Indonesia, with limited resources for advanced centralized wastewater treatments, and which are exploring the efficacy of centralized WSP against the existing decentralized treatments.
本研究首次提供了印度尼西亚最大污水处理厂（WWTP）中一系列新兴关注污染物（CEC）的发生和归宿的定量数据。该 WWTP 在将废水排入 Citarum 河之前，采用废水稳定塘（WSP）作为二级处理。在所监测的 22 种 CEC 中，有 14 种在废水进水口被检出，7 种在出水口检出，总浓度分别为 29.8±0.4µg/L 和 0.5±0.0µg/L。本研究中 CEC 的出现与它们在印度尼西亚地表水的可能用途和已知检出情况密切相关。检测到的五种最普遍的 CEC 分别是：咖啡因（CAF）12.2±0.1µg/L、对乙酰氨基酚（ACT）9.1±0.1µg/L、N,N-二乙基间甲苯酰胺（DEET）5.0±0.1µg/L、布洛芬（IBU）2.3±0.0µg/L 和三氯生（TCS）470±64ng/L，其次是双酚 A（BPA）、甲氧苄啶（TMP）、三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP）、磺胺甲恶唑（SMZ）、卡马西平（CBZ）、氟西汀（FLX）、苯并三唑（BTA）、磺胺二甲嘧啶（SMX）和二甲双胍（METF）。可生物降解的 CEC（SMX、SMZ、ACT、IBU、TCS、BPA、CAF、DEET 和 TMP）通过 WSP 得到有效去除（83-100%）。相比之下，难生物降解的 CEC 的去除效率较差（例如，FLX 为 24%），而对于其他 CEC，处理过程甚至导致出水浓度升高（CBZ 升高 85%，TCEP 升高 149%，BTA 升高 92%）。CEC 的进水浓度被确定为对水生环境具有中等累积风险，而其出水浓度则没有这种风险。本研究表明，常规 WWTP 在降低 CEC 浓度以最大限度减少其水生环境污染风险方面具有重要意义。该研究结果适用于印度尼西亚等资源有限的国家，这些国家正在探索集中式 WSP 对抗现有分散式处理的效果。
