SARS-CoV-2 相关因素 ACE2 和 TMPRSS2 在胃肠道组织中的表达与 COVID-19 患者发病机制中的消化道症状、糖尿病相关死亡率和疾病复发的相关性。
Relevance of SARS-CoV-2 related factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expressions in gastrointestinal tissue with pathogenesis of digestive symptoms, diabetes-associated mortality, and disease recurrence in COVID-19 patients.
机构信息
Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India.
Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; New York University (NYU) Langone Health Center, NYU Robert I Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
出版信息
Med Hypotheses. 2020 Nov;144:110271. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110271. Epub 2020 Sep 13.
COVID-19 is caused by a new strain of coronavirus called SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a positive sense single strand RNA virus. In humans, it binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with the help a structural protein on its surface called the S-spike. Further, cleavage of the viral spike protein (S) by the proteases like transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) or Cathepsin L (CTSL) is essential to effectuate host cell membrane fusion and virus infectivity. COVID-19 poses intriguing issues with imperative relevance to clinicians. The pathogenesis of GI symptoms, diabetes-associated mortality, and disease recurrence in COVID-19 are of particular relevance because they cannot be sufficiently explained from the existing knowledge of the viral diseases. Tissue specific variations of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry related receptors expression in healthy individuals can help in understanding the pathophysiological basis the aforementioned collection of symptoms. ACE2 mediated dysregulation of sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1 or SLC5A1) in the intestinal epithelium also links it to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus which can be a possible reason for the associated mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes. High expression of ACE2 in mucosal cells of the intestine and GB make these organs potential sites for the virus entry and replication. Continued replication of the virus at these ACE2 enriched sites may be a basis for the disease recurrence reported in some, thought to be cured, patients. Based on the human tissue specific distribution of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and other supportive evidence from the literature, we hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry receptor-ACE2 based mechanism in GI tissue may be involved in COVID-19 (i) in the pathogenesis of digestive symptoms, (ii) in increased diabetic complications, (iii) in disease recurrence.
新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由一种新型冠状病毒引起的,该病毒被称为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2),属于正链单股 RNA 病毒。在人类中,它借助表面的一种结构蛋白(S 蛋白)与血管紧张素转换酶 2(ACE2)结合。此外,病毒 S 蛋白的切割(S 蛋白的切割)需要蛋白酶,如跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶 2(TMPRSS2)或组织蛋白酶 L(CTSL)的帮助,这对于实现宿主细胞膜融合和病毒感染力是至关重要的。COVID-19 给临床医生带来了一些有趣的问题,这些问题与迫切相关。胃肠道症状、糖尿病相关死亡率和 COVID-19 疾病复发的发病机制特别重要,因为从现有的病毒性疾病知识来看,这些问题还不能得到充分解释。在健康个体中,SARS-CoV-2 细胞进入相关受体表达的组织特异性变化可以帮助理解上述一系列症状的病理生理基础。ACE2 介导的钠依赖性葡萄糖转运体(SGLT1 或 SLC5A1)在肠道上皮细胞中的失调也与糖尿病的发病机制有关,这可能是 COVID-19 合并糖尿病患者相关死亡率的一个可能原因。ACE2 在肠道和胆囊黏膜细胞中的高表达使这些器官成为病毒进入和复制的潜在部位。病毒在这些富含 ACE2 的部位持续复制可能是一些报告的疾病复发的基础,这些患者被认为已经治愈。基于 SARS-CoV-2 细胞进入因子 ACE2 和 TMPRSS2 在人体组织中的特异性分布,以及文献中的其他支持证据,我们假设 SARS-CoV-2 宿主细胞进入受体 ACE2 相关机制可能与 COVID-19 有关:(i)在消化道症状的发病机制中,(ii)在糖尿病并发症的增加中,(iii)在疾病复发中。