Parkinson's disease and translational research.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is diagnosed when patients exhibit bradykinesia with tremor and/or rigidity, and when these symptoms respond to dopaminergic medications. Yet in the last years there was a greater recognition of additional aspects of the disease including non-motor symptoms and prodromal states with associated pathology in various regions of the nervous system. In this review we discuss current concepts of two major alterations found during the course of the disease: cytoplasmic aggregates of the protein α-synuclein and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. We provide an overview of new approaches in this field based on current concepts and latest literature. In many areas, translational research on PD has advanced the understanding of the disease but there is still a need for more effective therapeutic options based on the insights into the basic biological phenomena.