Moskalev Alexey, Stambler Ilia, Caruso Calogero
1Institute of Biology of FRC of Komi Scientific Center of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia.
2Vetek (Seniority), The Movement for Longevity and Quality of Life, Israel.
Aging Dis. 2020 Dec 1;11(6):1363-1373. doi: 10.14336/AD.2020.0603. eCollection 2020 Dec.
The interrelation of the processes of immunity and senescence now receives an unprecedented emphasis during the COVID-19 pandemic, which brings to the fore the critical need to combat immunosenescence and improve the immune function and resilience of older persons. Here we review the historical origins and the current state of the science of innate and adaptive immunity in aging and longevity. From the modern point of view, innate and adaptive immunity are not only affected by aging but also are important parts of its underlying mechanisms. Excessive levels or activity of antimicrobial peptides, C-reactive protein, complement system, TLR/NF-κB, cGAS/STING/IFN 1,3 and AGEs/RAGE pathways, myeloid cells and NLRP3 inflammasome, declined levels of NK cells in innate immunity, thymus involution and decreased amount of naive T-cells in adaptive immunity, are biomarkers of aging and predisposition factors for cellular senescence and aging-related pathologies. Long-living species, human centenarians, and women are characterized by less inflamm-aging and decelerated immunosenescence. Despite recent progress in understanding, the harmonious theory of immunosenescence is still developing. Geroprotectors targeting these mechanisms are just emerging and are comprehensively discussed in this article.
在新冠疫情期间，免疫与衰老过程之间的相互关系如今受到了前所未有的重视，这凸显了对抗免疫衰老以及改善老年人免疫功能和恢复力的迫切需求。在此，我们回顾衰老与长寿过程中固有免疫和适应性免疫科学的历史渊源及现状。从现代观点来看，固有免疫和适应性免疫不仅会受到衰老的影响，而且还是衰老潜在机制的重要组成部分。抗菌肽、C反应蛋白、补体系统、TLR/NF-κB、cGAS/STING/IFN 1,3和AGEs/RAGE信号通路、髓样细胞和NLRP3炎性小体的水平或活性过高，固有免疫中自然杀伤细胞水平下降，适应性免疫中胸腺退化以及初始T细胞数量减少，这些都是衰老的生物标志物以及细胞衰老和衰老相关疾病的易患因素。长寿物种、人类百岁老人以及女性的特点是炎症衰老程度较低且免疫衰老减缓。尽管在理解方面取得了最新进展，但免疫衰老的和谐理论仍在发展之中。针对这些机制的老年保护剂刚刚出现，本文将对其进行全面讨论。
