Architecture, Built environment and Construction engineering Department and Design & Health LAB, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
Ann Ig. 2021 Jul-Aug;33(4):381-392. doi: 10.7416/ai.2020.2396. Epub 2020 Dec 4.
Many of the devastating pandemics and outbreaks of last centuries have been caused by enveloped viruses. The recent pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has seriously endangered the global health system. In particular, hospitals have had to deal with a frequency in the emergency room and a request for beds for infectious diseases never faced in the last decades. It is well-known that hospitals are environments with a high infectious risk. Environmental control of indoor air and surfaces becomes an important means of limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In particular, to preserve an adequate indoor microbiological quality, an important non-pharmacological strategy is represented by Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and finishing materials. Starting from the SARS-CoV-2 transmission routes, the paper investigates the hospital risk analysis and management, the indoor air quality and determination of microbial load, surface management and strategies in cleaning activities, HVAC systems' management and filters' efficiency. In conclusion, the paper suggests some strategies of interventions and best practices to be taken into considerations for the next steps in design and management.
上个世纪的许多毁灭性大流行病和疫情爆发都是由包膜病毒引起的。最近的 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行严重威胁着全球卫生系统。特别是，医院必须应对急诊室的频率和传染病床位的需求，这是过去几十年从未遇到过的。众所周知，医院是具有高感染风险的环境。室内空气和表面的环境控制成为限制 SARS-CoV-2 传播的重要手段。特别是为了保持足够的室内微生物质量，加热、通风和空调（HVAC）系统和装修材料是一项重要的非药物策略。本文从 SARS-CoV-2 的传播途径出发，对医院风险分析和管理、室内空气质量和微生物负荷的确定、表面管理和清洁活动策略、HVAC 系统管理和过滤器效率进行了研究。最后，本文提出了一些干预策略和最佳实践，以供在设计和管理的下一步中考虑。
