Lai Eleonora, Astara Giorgio, Ziranu Pina, Pretta Andrea, Migliari Marco, Dubois Marco, Donisi Clelia, Mariani Stefano, Liscia Nicole, Impera Valentino, Persano Mara, Tolu Simona, Balconi Francesca, Pinna Giovanna, Spanu Dario, Pireddu Annagrazia, Saba Giorgio, Camera Silvia, Musio Francesca, Puzzoni Marco, Pusceddu Valeria, Madeddu Clelia, Casadei Gardini Andrea, Scartozzi Mario
Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico Universitario "Duilio Casula" S.S. 554, Km 4,500 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome - University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico Universitario "Duilio Casula" S.S. 554, Km 4,500 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2021 Jan;157:103167. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103167. Epub 2020 Nov 12.
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent liver cancer. Immunotherapy has been explored in this disease in order to improve survival outcomes. Nowadays, scientific research is focusing especially on immune checkpoint inhibitors, in particular anti-PD1, anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as single-agent or in combination with other immunotherapy agents, target therapies, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other agents targeting specific molecular pathways. Other immunotherapy strategies have been assessed or are under investigation in advanced HCC, namely cytokines, adoptive cell therapy, oncolytic virus, cancer vaccines. Each treatment presents specific efficacy and toxicity profiles, strictly related to their mechanism of action and to advanced HCC tumour microenvironment (TME). The aim of this review is to outline the state-of-the-art of immunotherapy in advanced HCC treatment, highlighting data on already investigated treatment strategies, safety and toxicity (including HBV/HCV-related HCC), and ongoing clinical trials focusing on new promising therapeutic weapons.
晚期肝细胞癌（HCC）是最常见的肝癌。为了改善生存结局，人们已在这种疾病中探索免疫疗法。如今，科学研究尤其聚焦于免疫检查点抑制剂，特别是抗PD1、抗PD-L1和抗CTLA4单克隆抗体（mAb），作为单药或与其他免疫治疗药物、靶向治疗、抗血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）及其他靶向特定分子途径的药物联合使用。其他免疫治疗策略已在晚期HCC中进行了评估或正在研究中，即细胞因子、过继性细胞疗法、溶瘤病毒、癌症疫苗。每种治疗都具有特定的疗效和毒性特征，这与它们的作用机制以及晚期HCC肿瘤微环境（TME）密切相关。本综述的目的是概述晚期HCC治疗中免疫疗法的最新进展，突出已研究的治疗策略、安全性和毒性（包括HBV/HCV相关HCC）的数据，以及专注于新的有前景治疗手段的正在进行的临床试验。
