Orru Hans, Viitak Anu, Herodes Koit, Veber Triin, Lukk Märten
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Front Public Health. 2020 Nov 12;8:582114. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.582114. eCollection 2020.
Ida-Viru County, in Eastern Estonia, features industrially contaminated sites-where oil shale has been mined and used for electricity generation, and shale oil extraction. Higher prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular disease has been found in the region due to high quantities of air pollution. Within the framework of "Studies of the health impact of the oil shale sector-SOHOS," this analysis aimed to map earlier human biomonitoring (HBM) studies and identify the suitable biomarkers for upcoming HBM in Estonia. Altogether, three studies have been conducted among residents: first, among adults in the 1980's; second, among children in the 1990's; and third, among employees, with a focus on workers and miners in the oil shale chemistry industry in the late 1990's and 2000's. In some of those studies, increased levels of biomarkers in blood and urine (heavy metals, 1-OHP) have appeared; nevertheless, in last 20 years, there has been no population-wide HBM in Estonia. According to air pollution monitoring and emission analysis, the pollutants of concern are benzene, PM, PM, and PAHs. In general, there is a decreasing trend in air pollutant levels, with the exception of a slight increase in 2018. One of the aims of HBM is to be analyzed if this trend can be identified in HBM, using similar biomarkers as applied earlier. The future perspective HBM could be divided into two Tiers. Tier 1 should focus on exposure biomarkers as heavy metals, PAH, and BTEX metabolites and Tier 2, in later stage, on effect biomarkers as Ox LDL, TBARS, etc.
爱沙尼亚东部的 Ida-Viru 县存在工业污染场地，那里曾开采油页岩用于发电和提炼页岩油。由于空气污染严重，该地区呼吸道和心血管疾病的患病率较高。在“油页岩行业对健康影响的研究 - SOHOS”框架内，本分析旨在梳理早期的人体生物监测（HBM）研究，并确定爱沙尼亚即将开展的 HBM 中合适的生物标志物。共对居民开展了三项研究：第一项是 20 世纪 80 年代针对成年人的研究；第二项是 20 世纪 90 年代针对儿童的研究；第三项是针对员工的研究，重点是 20 世纪 90 年代末和 21 世纪初油页岩化学行业的工人和矿工。在其中一些研究中，血液和尿液中的生物标志物（重金属、1-OHP）水平有所升高；然而，在过去 20 年里，爱沙尼亚尚未进行过全人群的 HBM。根据空气污染监测和排放分析，关注的污染物有苯、颗粒物、多环芳烃。总体而言，空气污染物水平呈下降趋势，但 2018 年略有上升。HBM 的目标之一是分析能否使用与早期相同的生物标志物在 HBM 中识别出这一趋势。未来的 HBM 可分为两个层次。第一层应关注作为重金属、多环芳烃和 BTEX 代谢物的暴露生物标志物，第二层在后期应关注作为氧化型低密度脂蛋白、硫代巴比妥酸反应物等的效应生物标志物。
