Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020 Dec;34(4):749-758. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2020.05.007. Epub 2020 Jun 10.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a major cause of patient dissatisfaction following anesthesia. The difficulty in diagnosing nausea in much of the pediatric population has led to an emphasis on anti-emetic prophylaxis for all. Assessment scores and prognostic tools enable the anesthesiologist to identify patients who are at a greater risk and appropriately apply more aggressive prophylactic, multi-drug strategies. New antiemetics emerging from other medical disciplines, particularly oncology, may have potential use in prophylaxis and treatment of nausea and vomiting in the pediatric surgical population. New agents, many of which have a long duration of action, will augment the anesthesiologist's ability to adequately prevent PONV, and to treat persistent nausea and vomiting that extend beyond the immediate post-operative period.
术后恶心和呕吐（PONV）是麻醉后患者不满的主要原因。由于在很大一部分儿科人群中诊断恶心的难度，因此强调对所有患者进行止吐预防。评估评分和预测工具使麻醉师能够识别出风险更高的患者，并适当地采用更积极的预防、多药物策略。来自其他医学学科，特别是肿瘤学的新止吐药可能具有预防儿科手术人群恶心和呕吐的潜在用途。许多具有长效作用的新型药物将增强麻醉师预防 PONV 的能力，并治疗超出术后即刻期的持续性恶心和呕吐。
