Vascular-related retinal diseases dramatically impact quality of life and create a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity are leading causes of irreversible blindness. In recent years, the scientific community has made great progress in understanding the pathology of these diseases and recent discoveries have identified promising new treatment strategies. Specifically, compelling biochemical and clinical evidence is arising that small-molecule modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) represents a promising approach to simultaneously address many of the pathological drivers of these vascular-related retinal diseases. This has excited academic and pharmaceutical researchers towards developing new and potent PPAR ligands. This review highlights recent developments in PPAR ligand discovery and discusses the downstream effects of targeting PPARs as a therapeutic approach to treating retinal vascular diseases.