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Abstract

Diabetes is a serious chronic disease; it is among the top 10 causes of death in adults globally. Recent research estimated that 9.3% of world’s population or 463 million people were living with diabetes in 2019, and the number is expected to increase to 10.9% of world’s population or 700 million people by 2045. An estimated expenditure of 727 billion USD every year is dedicated to diabetes globally. Diabetes is also a serious issue in Canada. In 2015, 9.3% of the population was estimated to be living with diabetes, and the number is expected to rise to 12.1% by 2025. In 2015, Canada spent 17 billion USD on diabetes-related expenditures, the seventh highest spending worldwide. Diabetes is the leading cause of renal disease, blindness, and amputation in adults. Diabetes may cause diabetic neuropathy characterized as weakness in muscles and loss of sensation in the extremities. Loss of sensation combined with continuous pressure from walking, trauma, or foot deformities can increase the risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer. Between 4% and 10% of diabetic patients develop foot ulcers . Diabetic foot ulcers can lead to infection and amputation if untreated. In Canada, people with diabetes are 12 times more likely to be hospitalized due to non-traumatic amputation of lower limbs. Amputation has important social, emotional, and psychological consequences for patients. As such, it is essential to treat or prevent diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic offloading devices are used to treat or prevent foot ulcers. Their purpose is to redistribute pressure on plantar surfaces thereby reducing the risk of foot ulcers and infection. Common offloading modalities include removable cast walkers and total contact casting. For example, total contact casting uses fibreglass or plaster to support lower legs by redistributing pressure from ulcer to the entire foot. Redistributing pressure helps to manage swelling and reduces the risk of foot infections . Total contact casting and removable cast walkers appear to be clinically effective. One systematic review of randomized controlled trials found that healing rates for patients who were treated by total contact casting was between 74% and 95%, and for removable cast walkers was 52% and 85%. However, there are issues pertaining to adherence to offloading, which may explain the difference between the effectiveness of total contact casting and removable cast walkers. One systematic review found that non-removable offloading devices – such as total contact casting – confers better outcomes for diabetic foot ulcers treatment than removable devices by limiting patients’ ability to remove the device thereby increase adherence. Given the important role offloading devices can play in treating or preventing diabetic foot ulcers, there is a need to clarify the challenges patients with diabetes face adhering to different devices. This rapid qualitative evidence synthesis analyzes the perspectives, experiences, and preferences of patients with diabetes and of podiatrists using offloading devices for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.

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