Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia; Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Plant Protection, Prague 6-Suchdol, CZ-165 21, Czechia.
ALS Limited, ALS Czech Republic, Na Harfe 336/9, Prague 9-Vysocany, CZ-190 00, Czechia.
Chemosphere. 2021 Jan;263:128056. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128056. Epub 2020 Aug 28.
Honey bees are major pollinators of crops with high economic value. Thus, bees are considered to be the most important nontarget organisms exposed to adverse effects of plant protection product use. The side effects of pesticides are one of the major factors often linked to colony losses. Fewer studies have researched acute poisoning incidents in comparison to the study of the sublethal effects of pesticides. Here, we compared pesticides in dead/dying bees from suspected poisoning incidents and the suspected crop source according to government protocols. Additionally, we analyzed live bees and bee bread collected from the brood comb to determine recent in-hive contamination. We used sites with no reports of poisoning for reference. Our analysis confirmed that not all of the suspected poisonings correlated with the suspected crop. The most important pesticides related to the poisoning incidents were highly toxic chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and imidacloprid and slightly toxic prochloraz and thiacloprid. Importantly, poisoning was associated with pesticide cocktail application. Almost all poisoning incidents were investigated in relation to rapeseed. Some sites were found to be heavily contaminated with several pesticides, including a reference site. However, other sites were moderately contaminated despite agricultural use, including rapeseed cultivation sites, which can influence the extent of pesticide use, including tank mixes and other factors. We suggest that the analysis of pesticides in bee bread and in bees from the brood comb is a useful addition to dead bee and suspected crop analysis in poisoning incidents to inform the extent of recent in-hive contamination.
蜜蜂是具有高经济价值作物的主要传粉媒介。因此，蜜蜂被认为是受植保产品使用负面影响的最重要的非靶标生物。农药的副作用是导致蜂群损失的主要因素之一。与农药亚致死效应的研究相比，对急性中毒事件的研究较少。在这里，我们根据政府协议，比较了疑似中毒事件中死亡/垂死蜜蜂和疑似作物源中的农药。此外，我们还分析了从幼虫巢脾上采集的活蜂和蜂粮，以确定最近的巢内污染情况。我们使用没有中毒报告的地点作为参考。我们的分析证实，并非所有疑似中毒事件都与疑似作物有关。与中毒事件相关的最重要农药是高毒的毒死蜱、氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉，以及低毒的丙环唑和噻虫啉。重要的是，中毒与农药混配剂的应用有关。几乎所有的中毒事件都与油菜籽有关。一些地点被发现受到几种农药的严重污染，包括一个参考地点。然而，尽管进行了农业使用，包括油菜籽种植地，其他地点的污染程度适中，这可能会影响农药的使用程度，包括罐混和其他因素。我们建议，在中毒事件中，对蜂粮和幼虫巢脾中的蜜蜂进行农药分析，是对死亡蜜蜂和疑似作物分析的有益补充，可以了解最近巢内污染的程度。
