Abay Zewdie, Bezabeh Amssalu, Gela Alemayehu, Tassew Asaminew
Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Holeta Bee Research Center, P.O. Box 22, Holeta, Ethiopia.
J Toxicol. 2023 Mar 30;2023:2634158. doi: 10.1155/2023/2634158. eCollection 2023.
Global honeybee losses and colony decline are becoming continuous threat to the apicultural industry, as well as, for food security and environmental stability. Although the putative causes are still unclear, extensive exposure of bees to pesticides could be the possible factor for worldwide colony losses. This study was aimed at evaluating the impact of nine commonly used pesticide incidents on adult worker honeybees () under the laboratory condition, in North Gonder of Amhara region, Ethiopia. Feeding test, contact test, and fumigation tests were carried out for each pesticide following the standard procedures, and each pesticide toxicity was compared to the standard toxic chemical, dimethoate 40% EC (positive control), and to 50% honey solution (negative control). The results revealed that all the tested pesticides caused significant deaths of the experimental bees ( < 0.05) in all the tests when compared to the negative control. Diazinon 60% EC, endosulfan 35% EC, and malathion 50% EC were appeared highly toxic causing 100% mortality of bees, while chlorsulfuron 75% WG killed 90% of the experimental bees as tested via feeding. On the other hand, agro-2, 4-D and its mixture with glycel 41% EC are moderately toxic, and mancozeb 80% WP and glycel 41% EC were slightly toxic to honeybees as compared to the positive control (dimethoate 40% EC). Suddenly, diazinon 60% EC and malathion 50% EC triggered 100% mortality of bees, while endosulfan 35% EC and chlorsulfuron 75% WG caused 63.63% and 90.82% of bee mortality, respectively, when evaluated via contact test. The fumigation test also showed that chlorsulfuron 75% WG, diazinon 60% EC, and endosulfan 35% EC caused 100%, 86.7%, and 65.6% mortality rate of bees. Our result also highlighted that tested LD of all pesticide incidents were significantly lower than the manufacturer-based LD This shows that local honeybees are extremely sensitive to commonly used agricultural pesticides, which may affect the colony level due to the intensive application of these pesticides in Ethiopia.
全球蜜蜂数量减少和蜂群衰退正持续威胁着养蜂业，以及粮食安全和环境稳定。尽管推测的原因仍不明确，但蜜蜂大量接触杀虫剂可能是全球蜂群减少的一个潜在因素。本研究旨在评估埃塞俄比亚阿姆哈拉州北贡德尔地区实验室条件下九种常用农药对成年工蜂（）的影响。按照标准程序对每种农药进行喂食试验、接触试验和熏蒸试验，并将每种农药的毒性与标准有毒化学品乐果40%乳油（阳性对照）以及50%蜂蜜溶液（阴性对照）进行比较。结果显示，与阴性对照相比，所有测试农药在所有试验中均导致实验蜜蜂大量死亡（<0.05）。60%乳油的二嗪农、35%乳油的硫丹和50%乳油的马拉硫磷表现出高毒性，导致蜜蜂100%死亡，而75%可湿性粉剂的氯磺隆通过喂食试验杀死了90%的实验蜜蜂。另一方面，2,4-滴及其与41%乳油甘油的混合物具有中等毒性，与阳性对照（40%乳油乐果）相比，80%可湿性粉剂的代森锰锌和41%乳油甘油对蜜蜂毒性较小。突然，60%乳油的二嗪农和50%乳油的马拉硫磷导致蜜蜂100%死亡，而通过接触试验评估时，35%乳油的硫丹和75%可湿性粉剂的氯磺隆分别导致63.63%和90.82%的蜜蜂死亡。熏蒸试验还表明，75%可湿性粉剂的氯磺隆、60%乳油的二嗪农和35%乳油的硫丹导致蜜蜂死亡率分别为100%、86.7%和65.6%。我们的结果还突出表明，所有农药事件的测试半数致死剂量均显著低于制造商规定的半数致死剂量。这表明当地蜜蜂对常用的农用杀虫剂极其敏感，由于这些杀虫剂在埃塞俄比亚的大量使用，可能会影响蜂群数量。
