Monitoring of Non-β-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance-Associated Genes in ESBL Producing Isolates.

Genetic context of extended spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing and its association with plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AME) and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) resistance is little known from North India. Therefore, the current study was aimed to investigate the frequency of Non-β-Lactam antibiotic resistance associated genes in extended spectrum β-Lactamase producing . For this study, Non-Duplicate phenotypically confirmed ESBL producing isolates (N = 186) were analyzed for ESBLs, PMQRs, AMEs and TMP-SMX resistance genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR detected presence of PMQR genes in 81.29% (N = 139) of ESBL isolates (N = 171), AME genes in 60.82% and TMP-SMX resistance genes in 63.74% of the isolates. Molecular characterization of ESBL producing showed 84.79% followed by 73.68% , 43.86% , 19.88% 9.94% , respectively. Analysis of PMQR genes revealed 77.7% the most commonly detected gene followed by 67.63% , 62.59% 43.17% , 19.42% 18.7% , 9.35% , 3.6% and 2.88% , respectively. Analysis of AMEs gene profile demonstrated 81.73% , the most frequently encountered gene followed by 46.15% 44.23% respectively. A 100% prevalence of followed by (54.63%) and (15.74%) was observed. In summary, prevalence of ESBL-Producing genes (particularly and ) along with PMQR, AMEs, and TMP-SMX resistant genes may potentially aid in the transfer of antimicrobial resistance among these strains.