Boso Guney, Kozak Christine A
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-0460, USA.
Microorganisms. 2020 Dec 11;8(12):1965. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8121965.
The evolutionary conflict between retroviruses and their vertebrate hosts over millions of years has led to the emergence of cellular innate immune proteins termed restriction factors as well as their viral antagonists. Evidence accumulated in the last two decades has substantially increased our understanding of the elaborate mechanisms utilized by these restriction factors to inhibit retroviral replication, mechanisms that either directly block viral proteins or interfere with the cellular pathways hijacked by the viruses. Analyses of these complex interactions describe patterns of accelerated evolution for these restriction factors as well as the acquisition and evolution of their virus-encoded antagonists. Evidence is also mounting that many restriction factors identified for their inhibition of specific retroviruses have broader antiviral activity against additional retroviruses as well as against other viruses, and that exposure to these multiple virus challenges has shaped their adaptive evolution. In this review, we provide an overview of the restriction factors that interfere with different steps of the retroviral life cycle, describing their mechanisms of action, adaptive evolution, viral targets and the viral antagonists that evolved to counter these factors.
数百万年来，逆转录病毒与其脊椎动物宿主之间的进化冲突导致了一类被称为限制因子的细胞先天性免疫蛋白及其病毒拮抗剂的出现。过去二十年积累的证据极大地增进了我们对这些限制因子用于抑制逆转录病毒复制的精细机制的理解，这些机制要么直接阻断病毒蛋白，要么干扰病毒劫持的细胞途径。对这些复杂相互作用的分析描述了这些限制因子的加速进化模式以及它们病毒编码拮抗剂的获得和进化。越来越多的证据表明，许多因抑制特定逆转录病毒而被鉴定出的限制因子对其他逆转录病毒以及其他病毒具有更广泛的抗病毒活性，并且暴露于这些多种病毒挑战塑造了它们的适应性进化。在这篇综述中，我们概述了干扰逆转录病毒生命周期不同步骤的限制因子，描述了它们的作用机制、适应性进化、病毒靶点以及为对抗这些因子而进化出的病毒拮抗剂。
