Oral Medicine & Radiology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia.
Periodontics, Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Dec 11;17(24):9293. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249293.
The detection of pulp stone in a patient suffering from undiagnosed systemic diseases can be an early diagnostic indicator. Thus, the aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of pulp stones in the Saudi Arabian population with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. In a retrospective study, we included cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 73 patients with cardiovascular disease and 76 patients with diabetes mellitus as group I and II, respectively. Group III comprised of CBCT scan of 80 healthy controls. From a total of 229 scans, 4807 teeth were screened for pulp stones throughout the arches. A chi-square test was used for comparing the prevalence of pulp stones among the groups. Univariable and multivariable analysis was done to evaluate the independent risk indicators for pulp stones. The tooth-wise prevalence of pulp stones in group I, II, and III was found to be 16.65%, 9.01%, and 3.86%, respectively. Patient-wise ( < 0.01) and tooth-wise ( < 0.01) prevalence was recorded significantly highest in the cardiovascular group followed by the diabetic group. The control group had the least prevalence. Significantly ( < 0.01) higher number of pulp stones were found in cardiovascular patients with age > 50 years compared to other groups. Similarly, a significantly increased number of pulp stones were seen in the 1st molar ( < 0.05) and the maxillary jaw ( < 0.05) of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Subjects with cardiovascular disease and diabetes were found to have 2.94 times ( < 0.001; CI 1.54-3.10) and 1.81 times ( < 0.01; CI 0.48-2.06) higher risk of having pulp stones in comparison to healthy subjects. The first molar has 2.20 times ( < 0.001; CI 0.84-2.45) increased the risk of having pulp stones compared to other tooth types. Systemic disease such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus poses a higher risk for the development of pulp stones. Among the systemic disease group, patients in the cardiovascular group showed a higher risk for pulp stones and also reported the maximum number of pulp stones compared to the diabetic and healthy subjects.
在患有未确诊的系统性疾病的患者中检测到牙髓结石可能是早期诊断指标。因此，本研究旨在评估沙特阿拉伯患有心血管疾病和糖尿病的人群中牙髓结石的患病率。在回顾性研究中，我们纳入了分别患有心血管疾病的 73 例患者和糖尿病的 76 例患者的锥形束 CT（CBCT）扫描作为 I 组和 II 组。III 组包括 80 例健康对照者的 CBCT 扫描。在总共 229 次扫描中，在整个牙弓中对 4807 颗牙齿进行了牙髓结石筛查。采用卡方检验比较各组牙髓结石的患病率。进行单变量和多变量分析以评估牙髓结石的独立危险因素。在 I 组、II 组和 III 组中，牙齿的牙髓结石患病率分别为 16.65%、9.01%和 3.86%。患者（<0.01）和牙齿（<0.01）患病率在心血管组中记录得最高，其次是糖尿病组。对照组的患病率最低。与其他组相比，年龄>50 岁的心血管患者的牙髓结石数量明显（<0.01）更高。同样，在心血管疾病患者中，第一磨牙（<0.05）和上颌（<0.05）的牙髓结石数量明显增加。与健康受试者相比，患有心血管疾病和糖尿病的受试者患牙髓结石的风险分别增加了 2.94 倍（<0.001；CI 1.54-3.10）和 1.81 倍（<0.01；CI 0.48-2.06）。与其他牙齿类型相比，第一磨牙患牙髓结石的风险增加了 2.20 倍（<0.001；CI 0.84-2.45）。系统性疾病（如心血管疾病和糖尿病）会增加牙髓结石的发生风险。在系统性疾病组中，心血管疾病组的患者发生牙髓结石的风险较高，与糖尿病和健康受试者相比，报告的牙髓结石数量也最多。
