Antibiofilm Activity of Heather and Manuka Honeys and Antivirulence Potential of Some of Their Constituents on the DsbA1 Enzyme of .

Heather honey was tested for its effect on the formation of biofilms by , , , , , and in comparison with Manuka honey. At 0.25 mg/mL, Heather honey inhibited biofilm formation in , , , and , but promoted the growth of and biofilms. Manuka honey inhibited biofilm formation in , , and , , and , but promoted biofilm formation. Molecular docking with Autodock Vina was performed to calculate the predictive binding affinities and ligand efficiencies of Manuka and Heather honey constituents for PaDsbA1, the main enzyme controlling the correct folding of virulence proteins in . A number of constituents, including benzoic acid and methylglyoxal, present in Heather and/or Manuka honey, revealed high ligand efficiencies for the target enzyme. This helps support, to some extent, the decrease in biofilm formation observed for such honeys.