Emissions, Measurements, and Modeling of the Atmosphere (EMMA) Laboratory, CAR, Faculty of Sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, FR CNRS 3417, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France.
Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, FR CNRS 3417, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France.
J Environ Sci (China). 2021 Mar;101:98-116. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.07.030. Epub 2020 Aug 24.
Primary and secondary organic aerosols in PM were investigated over a one-year campaign at Zouk Mikael and Fiaa, Lebanon. The n-alkanes concentrations were quite similar at both sites (26-29 ng/m) and mainly explained by anthropogenic emissions rather than natural ones. The concentrations of total Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were nearly three times higher at Zouk Mikael (2.56 ng/m) compared to Fiaa (0.95 ng/m), especially for indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene linked to the presence of the power plant. A characteristic indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene/(indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene + benzo[g,h,i]perylene) ratio in the range 0.8-1.0 was determined for heavy fuel oil combustion from the power plant. Fatty acids and hopanes were also investigated and were assigned to cooking activities and vehicular emissions respectively. Phthalates were identified for the first time in Lebanon with high concentrations at Zouk and Fiaa (106.88 and 97.68 ng/m respectively). Moreover, the biogenic secondary aerosols revealed higher concentrations in summer. The total terpene concentration varied between 131 ng/m at Zouk Mikael in winter to 469 ng/m at Fiaa in summer. Additionnally, the concentrations of the dicarboxylic acids especially for adipic and phthalic acids were more influenced by anthropogenic sources.The analysis of molecular markers and diagnostic ratios indicated that the sites were strongly affected by anthropogenic sources such as waste open burning, diesel private generators, cooking activities, road transport, power plant, and industrial emissions. Moreover, results showed different pattern during winter and summer seasons. Whereas, higher concentrations of biogenic markers were clearly encountered during the summer period.
在黎巴嫩的祖克米凯尔和菲亚进行了为期一年的 PM 中一次有机气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶的研究。两个站点的正构烷烃浓度（26-29ng/m）非常相似，主要归因于人为排放，而非自然排放。总多环芳烃（PAHs）的浓度在祖克米凯尔（2.56ng/m）几乎是菲亚（0.95ng/m）的三倍，特别是与发电厂存在相关的茚并[1,2,3-c,d]芘。在发电厂重燃料油燃烧中确定了特征性的茚并[1,2,3-c,d]芘/（茚并[1,2,3-c,d]芘+苯并[g,h,i]苝）比值在 0.8-1.0 范围内。脂肪酸和藿烷也分别被确定为烹饪活动和车辆排放的来源。邻苯二甲酸酯是黎巴嫩首次发现的，在祖克和菲亚的浓度较高（分别为 106.88 和 97.68ng/m）。此外，夏季生物成因的二次气溶胶浓度较高。总萜烯浓度在冬季祖克米凯尔的 131ng/m 到夏季菲亚的 469ng/m 之间变化。此外，邻苯二甲酸酯的浓度，特别是己二酸和邻苯二甲酸的浓度，受人为源的影响更大。分子标志物和诊断比的分析表明，这些站点受到人为源的强烈影响，如废物露天焚烧、柴油私人发电机、烹饪活动、道路交通、发电厂和工业排放。此外，结果表明冬季和夏季的情况不同。然而，在夏季期间，生物标志物的浓度明显更高。
