Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2020 Jul;19(4):1378-1396. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12559. Epub 2020 Jun 7.
Infant formulas are manufactured products to meet specific nutritional requirements for infants. However, infant formulas can contain harmful substances, such as chemical contaminants and residues, normally due to possible contamination of the raw material or from the production chain. Some studies have demonstrated that veterinary drugs, pesticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals, packaging materials, within other chemicals are found in infant formulas from different sources of contamination. It is known that some of these substances can be hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, immunotoxic, contributing to antibiotic resistance, among other detrimental consequences for consumers' health. The purpose of this review is to assess the scientific evidence concerning the occurrence, sources, and pathways of contamination, as well as the detrimental impacts on infant health due to the possible presence of chemical contaminants and residues in infant formulas. Moreover, strategies to reduce the risk of contamination of infant formulas are presented to ensure the highest standards of quality of infant formulas. The entire infant formula manufacturing process should be monitored and controlled to minimize the risk of contamination during processing, storage, and distribution, besides ensuring the use of raw materials with as low as acceptable levels of harmful substances in order to assure that the final product shall comply with the maximum levels and maximum residue limits, when established, for residues and contaminants in the final product.
婴儿配方奶粉是为满足婴儿特定营养需求而生产的产品。然而，婴儿配方奶粉可能含有有害物质，如化学污染物和残留，通常是由于原材料可能受到污染或生产链中的污染。一些研究表明，来自不同污染来源的婴儿配方奶粉中存在兽药、农药、霉菌毒素、重金属、包装材料和其他化学物质。已知其中一些物质具有肝毒性、致癌性、致畸性、致突变性、免疫毒性，导致抗生素耐药性等，对消费者健康造成其他有害后果。本综述的目的是评估有关化学污染物和残留存在于婴儿配方奶粉中的发生、来源和途径以及对婴儿健康的不利影响的科学证据。此外，还提出了降低婴儿配方奶粉污染风险的策略，以确保婴儿配方奶粉的最高质量标准。应监测和控制整个婴儿配方奶粉制造过程，以最大限度地减少加工、储存和分销过程中的污染风险，同时确保使用有害物质含量尽可能低的原材料，以确保最终产品符合最终产品中残留和污染物的最大限量和最大残留限量。
