Department of Psychology, Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
Int J Psychol. 2021 Oct;56(5):801-811. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12736. Epub 2020 Dec 18.
Theories relating to self-efficacy have developed rapidly since Bandura first proposed the concept in 1977. In the past two decades, psychologists have carried out numerous studies to research the cultural and psychological changes in social development. The research topic of this study is whether self-efficacy changes over time. This study uses a meta-meta analysis and includes 13 meta-analyses, including 536 effect sizes, with a total sample size of 421,880. We find that individual self-efficacy increases over time, which may be related to social development trends. However, the effects of interventions on self-efficacy remain similar (Q = 1.807, df = 1, p > .05), and a possible explanation is that time effects of self-efficacy confuse the effects of intervention, because both in the intervention group and control group, the average of self-efficacy increases over time. And we find that a general decline in the predictive effects of self-efficacy (Q = 5.117, df = 1, p = .024), especially the ability to predict relatively objective variables (e.g. job performance, teaching effectiveness, and transfer of training). A possible explanation is that as social development people tend to overestimate their self-efficacy. Another possible explanation is that the effect sizes in the original studies being overrated, may due to intentional selective reporting or unintentional statistical errors.
自 1977 年班杜拉首次提出自我效能感理论以来，该理论迅速发展。在过去的二十年中，心理学家们进行了大量研究，以研究社会发展中的文化和心理变化。本研究的研究课题是自我效能感是否随时间变化。本研究采用元分析方法，包括 13 项元分析，包含 536 个效应量，总样本量为 421880。我们发现个体自我效能感随时间推移而增加，这可能与社会发展趋势有关。然而，干预对自我效能感的影响仍然相似（Q=1.807，df=1，p>.05），一个可能的解释是，自我效能感的时间效应混淆了干预的效果，因为在干预组和对照组中，自我效能感的平均值随时间推移而增加。我们发现自我效能感预测效果普遍下降（Q=5.117，df=1，p=0.024），特别是对相对客观变量（如工作绩效、教学效果和培训转移）的预测。一种可能的解释是，随着社会的发展，人们往往会高估自己的自我效能感。另一种可能的解释是，原始研究中的效应量被高估了，这可能是由于有意的选择性报告或无意的统计错误。
