Steigmann Larissa, Maekawa Shogo, Sima Corneliu, Travan Suncica, Wang Chin-Wei, Giannobile William V
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
Front Pharmacol. 2020 Nov 9;11:588480. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588480. eCollection 2020.
Periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease that can lead to destruction of tooth supporting tissues and subsequent tooth loss. The most recent global burden of disease studies highlight that severe periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory conditions affecting humans. Periodontitis risk is attributed to genetics, host-microbiome and environmental factors. Empirical diagnostic and prognostic systems have yet to be validated in the field of periodontics. Early diagnosis and intervention prevents periodontitis progression in most patients. Increased susceptibility and suboptimal control of modifiable risk factors can result in poor response to therapy, and relapse. The chronic immune-inflammatory response to microbial biofilms at the tooth or dental implant surface is associated with systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes or gastrointestinal diseases. Oral fluid-based biomarkers have demonstrated easy accessibility and potential as diagnostics for oral and systemic diseases, including the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Advances in biotechnology have led to innovations in lab-on-a-chip and biosensors to interface with oral-based biomarker assessment. This review highlights new developments in oral biomarker discovery and their validation for clinical application to advance precision oral medicine through improved diagnosis, prognosis and patient stratification. Their potential to improve clinical outcomes of periodontitis and associated chronic conditions will benefit the dental and overall public health.
牙周炎是一种复杂的多因素疾病，可导致牙齿支持组织的破坏及随后的牙齿脱落。最新的全球疾病负担研究强调，重度牙周炎是影响人类的最常见的慢性炎症性疾病之一。牙周炎风险归因于遗传、宿主微生物群和环境因素。经验性诊断和预后系统尚未在牙周病领域得到验证。早期诊断和干预可防止大多数患者的牙周炎进展。易感性增加以及对可改变风险因素的控制不佳可导致治疗反应不良和复发。对牙齿或牙种植体表面微生物生物膜的慢性免疫炎症反应与心血管疾病、糖尿病或胃肠道疾病等全身性疾病有关。基于口腔液的生物标志物已显示出易于获取的特点以及作为口腔和全身性疾病诊断方法的潜力，包括在唾液中识别严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）。生物技术的进步已导致芯片实验室和生物传感器方面的创新，以与基于口腔的生物标志物评估相结合。本综述重点介绍了口腔生物标志物发现的新进展及其在临床应用中的验证，以通过改善诊断、预后和患者分层来推进精准口腔医学。它们改善牙周炎及相关慢性病临床结局的潜力将有益于牙科和整体公共卫生。
