Health risk assessment of radioactive footprints of the urban soils in the residents of Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the radiation levels, radiological doses and excess lifetime cancer risk possessed by the urban soils that were collected from the vicinity of the exclusive mining and excavation centers of Dera Ghazi Khan. The high purity germanium detector was utilized for assessment of naturally occurring radionuclides (NORMs) in soil and results showed that the average activity concentrations of Ra, Th, and K (37 Bq/kg, 43.07 Bq/kg, 737 Bq/kg respectively) surpassed the world's average documented values (35 Bq/kg, 30 Bq/kg, and 400 Bq/kg respectively). Moreover, the average values of radiological hazards assessment like radium equivalent, internal and external hazard indices, absorbed dose rate, annual gonadal dose equivalent and excess lifetime cancer risk were 155.70 (Bq/kg), 0.4, 0.5, 73.96 (nGy/h) 90.73 (μSv/y), 476.24 (μSv/y) and 0.31(10) respectively. The data acquired was analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. ArcGIS (10.5) software was utilized for developing maps of radionuclide's concentration for the study area. Results of the study may serve as an important baseline radiometric data for future epidemiological studies and monitoring initiatives in the study area.