Kachko Vera A, Platonova Nadezhda M, Vanushko Vladimir E, Shifman Boris M
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University).
Endocrinology Research Centre.
Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 2020 Sep 16;66(3):33-46. doi: 10.14341/probl12491.
¹I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; ²Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine gland cancer. In the last few decades, the molecular diagnostics for thyroid tumors have been widely researched. It is one of the few cancers whose incidence has increased in recent years from microcarcinomas to common, large forms, in all age groups, from children to the elder people. Most researches focus on the genetic basis, since our current knowledge of the genetic background of various forms of thyroid cancer is far from being complete. Molecular and genetic research has several main directions: firstly, differential diagnosis of thyroid tumors, secondly, the prognostic value of detected mutations in thyroid cancer, and thirdly, targeted therapy for aggressive or radioactive iodine-resistant forms of thyroid cancer. In this review, we wanted to update our understanding and describe the prevailing advances in molecular genetics of thyroid cancer, focusing on the main genes associated with the pathology and their potential application in clinical practice.
¹俄罗斯莫斯科第一国立谢马什克医科大学（谢马什克大学）；²俄罗斯莫斯科内分泌研究中心 甲状腺癌是最常见的内分泌腺癌症。在过去几十年里，甲状腺肿瘤的分子诊断得到了广泛研究。它是近年来发病率从微癌增加到常见的大肿瘤形式的少数几种癌症之一，涵盖了从儿童到老年人的所有年龄组。大多数研究集中在遗传基础上，因为我们目前对各种形式甲状腺癌遗传背景的了解还远远不够完整。分子和遗传研究有几个主要方向：第一，甲状腺肿瘤的鉴别诊断；第二，甲状腺癌中检测到的突变的预后价值；第三，对侵袭性或放射性碘抵抗型甲状腺癌的靶向治疗。在这篇综述中，我们希望更新我们的认识，并描述甲状腺癌分子遗传学的主要进展，重点关注与该病理学相关的主要基因及其在临床实践中的潜在应用。
