Mulita Francesk, Lotfollahzadeh Saran
General University Hospital of Patras
Vascular Research, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA, Department of Surgery, vascular and endovascular surgery section, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
The word stoma or ostomy is derived from the Latin word ostium, which means opening or mouth. An intestinal stoma is one of the most common surgical procedures. The exteriorization of either the small bowel (ileostomy) or large bowel (colostomy) through the anterior abdominal wall is performed. The first recorded intestinal stoma was created by the German surgeon Baum in 1879 to divert an obstructing colon carcinoma. At present, the intestinal stoma is considered one of the most usual life-saving emergency procedures done worldwide. It may be performed to manage wide ranges of benign and malignant gastrointestinal conditions on an emergency or elective basis. In the United States, more than 130.000 intestinal stomas are created per year to address diseases such as colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, radiation injury, colonic diverticulitis, and fecal incontinence. Intestinal stomas can be temporary or permanent. Although intestinal stomas are considered to be life-saving surgical procedures, they are associated with various complications.
“造口”或“造瘘术”一词源自拉丁词“ostium”，意思是开口或口。肠造口术是最常见的外科手术之一。通过前腹壁将小肠（回肠造口术）或大肠（结肠造口术）引出体外。有记录的首例肠造口术是由德国外科医生鲍姆于1879年为转移阻塞性结肠癌而实施的。目前，肠造口术被认为是全球最常见的挽救生命的紧急手术之一。它可以在紧急或择期情况下用于处理各种良性和恶性胃肠道疾病。在美国，每年有超过13万例肠造口术用于治疗诸如结直肠癌、炎症性肠病、放射性损伤、结肠憩室炎和大便失禁等疾病。肠造口可以是临时性的或永久性的。尽管肠造口术被认为是挽救生命的外科手术，但它们会引发各种并发症。
