Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Veterans Affairs Hospital and SUNY Downstate Dermatology Service, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
Dermatol Ther. 2021 Jan;34(1):e14695. doi: 10.1111/dth.14695. Epub 2021 Jan 1.
Sebaceous glands are sebum-secreting components of pilosebaceous units. The embryological development of the sebaceous gland follows that of the hair follicle and epidermal tissue, beginning between weeks 13 and 16 of fetal development. New sebaceous glands do not normally develop following birth, but their size increases with age. Sebocytes express a multitude of hormone receptors and are heavily regulated to secrete sebum by androgens. There is a large increase of sebum excretion at birth and again at puberty, until approximately age 17. In adulthood, sebum production remains stable and declines to zero in postmenopausal women and in men aged 60-70. Besides the production and release of sebum, sebaceous glands function to lubricate the skin and hair, provide thermoregulation, and exhibit antimicrobial activity. Research has shown sebaceous glands to possess the cellular capability to transcribe genes necessary for androgen metabolism. Dysfunction of the sebaceous gland can be seen primarily in steatocystoma simplex and multiplex, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, sebaceoma, sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous carcinoma, nevus sebaceus, and folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma. Sebaceous glands are secondarily involved in acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and androgenic alopecia.
皮脂腺是毛囊皮脂腺单位分泌皮脂的组成部分。皮脂腺的胚胎发育与毛囊和表皮组织的发育同步，始于胎儿发育的第 13-16 周。出生后通常不会再产生新的皮脂腺，但它们的大小会随着年龄的增长而增加。皮脂腺表达多种激素受体，受雄激素的调控大量分泌皮脂。出生时皮脂分泌大量增加，青春期再次增加，直到大约 17 岁。成年后，皮脂分泌保持稳定，绝经后妇女和 60-70 岁男性的皮脂分泌降为零。除了皮脂的产生和释放，皮脂腺还有助于皮肤和毛发的润滑、提供体温调节以及发挥抗菌作用。研究表明，皮脂腺具有转录雄激素代谢所需基因的细胞能力。皮脂腺功能障碍主要表现为单纯性和多发性皮脂囊瘤、皮脂腺增生、皮脂瘤、皮脂腺腺瘤、皮脂腺癌、皮脂痣和毛囊皮脂腺囊性错构瘤。皮脂腺也会继发参与寻常痤疮、脂溢性皮炎和雄激素性脱发的发病。
