Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2021 Jan;171:104741. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104741. Epub 2020 Nov 7.
Insecticide resistance in pest populations is an increasing problem in both urban and rural settings due to over-application of insecticides and lack of rotation among insecticidal chemical classes. The house fly (Musca domestica L.) is a cosmopolitan pest fly species implicated in the transmission of numerous pathogens. The evolution of insecticide resistance long has been documented in house flies, with resistance reported to all major insecticide classes. House fly resistance to imidacloprid, the most widely used neonicotinoid insecticide available for fly control, has evolved in field populations through both physiological and behavioral mechanisms. Previous studies have characterized and mapped the genetic changes that confer physiological resistance to imidacloprid, but no study have examined the genetics involved in behavioral resistance to imidacloprid to date. In the current study, several approaches were utilized to characterize the genetics and inheritance of behavioral resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly. These include behavioral observation analyses, preference assays, and the use of genetic techniques for the identification of house fly chromosome(s) carrying factors. Behavioral resistance was mapped to autosomes 1 and 4. Inheritance of resistance was shown to be neither fully dominant nor recessive. Factors on autosomes 1 and 4 independently conferred contact-dependent avoidance of imidacloprid and a feeding preference for sugar alone or for sugar with dinotefuran, another neonicotinoid insecticide, over imidacloprid. This study serves as the first linkage analysis of a behavioral trait in the house fly, and provides new avenues for research regarding inherited behavior in the house fly and other animals.
由于杀虫剂的过度使用以及杀虫剂化学类别之间缺乏轮换，昆虫种群的抗药性在城市和农村地区都是一个日益严重的问题。家蝇（Musca domestica L.）是一种世界性的害虫蝇种，与许多病原体的传播有关。昆虫对杀虫剂的抗药性很早就有记载，家蝇对所有主要的杀虫剂类别都有抗药性。家蝇对噻虫啉的抗药性已经通过生理和行为机制在田间种群中进化，噻虫啉是目前可用于蝇类防治的最广泛使用的新烟碱类杀虫剂。以前的研究已经对赋予对噻虫啉生理抗性的遗传变化进行了特征描述和图谱绘制，但迄今为止，没有研究检查过与对噻虫啉的行为抗性相关的遗传学。在当前的研究中，采用了几种方法来描述家蝇对噻虫啉的行为抗性的遗传和遗传。这些方法包括行为观察分析、偏好测定以及用于鉴定携带因子的家蝇染色体的遗传技术的使用。行为抗性被映射到 1 号和 4 号染色体上。抗性的遗传既不是完全显性也不是隐性。1 号和 4 号染色体上的因子独立地赋予了对噻虫啉的接触依赖性回避，以及对仅糖或对糖与另一种新烟碱类杀虫剂二嗪农的进食偏好，而不是对噻虫啉的进食偏好。本研究是在家蝇中首次对行为特征进行连锁分析，为家蝇和其他动物的遗传行为研究提供了新的途径。
